{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T19:41:39Z","timestamp":1773171699530,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,27]],"date-time":"2019-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24590110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24590110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15K07964"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K07964"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institute for Fermentation, Osaka (IFO)","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"Hamaguchi Foundation for Advancement of Biochemistry","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005885","name":"Shimabara Science Promotion Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Joint Research Program of Juntendo University, Faculty of Health and Sports Science","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>At the end of its life cycle, the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum forms a fruiting body consisting of spores and a multicellular stalk. Originally, the chlorinated alkylphenone differentiation-inducing factors (DIFs) -1 and -3 were isolated as stalk cell inducers in D. discoideum. Later, DIFs and their derivatives were shown to possess several biologic activities including antitumor and anti-Trypanosoma properties. In this study, we examined the antibacterial activities of approximately 30 DIF derivatives by using several bacterial species. Several of the DIF derivatives strongly suppressed the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in the sub-micromolar to low-micromolar range. In contrast, none of the DIF derivatives evaluated had any noteworthy effect on the growth of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (MIC, &gt;100 \u00b5M). Most importantly, several of the DIF derivatives strongly inhibited the growth of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that treatment with DIF derivatives led to the formation of distinct multilayered structures consisting of cell wall or plasma membrane in S. aureus. The present results suggest that DIF derivatives are good lead compounds for developing novel antimicrobials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9050163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T02:57:32Z","timestamp":1556506652000},"page":"163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Antimicrobial Activities of Dictyostelium Differentiation-Inducing Factors and Their Derivatives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9231-9833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzuru","family":"Kubohara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Health and Life Science, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Shiratsuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, School of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Saitama 343-8540, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Ishigaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Gunma Paz College, Takasaki 370-0006, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4967-4308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsunori","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Gunma Paz College, Takasaki 370-0006, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiteru","family":"Oshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aza-aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6938-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haruhisa","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aza-aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"Dictyostelium discoideum, A new species of slime mold from decaying forest leaves","volume":"55","author":"Raper","year":"1935","journal-title":"J. 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