{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T22:01:48Z","timestamp":1780696908311,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,25]],"date-time":"2019-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung carcinogenesis is a multistep process involving genetic mutations and epigenetic changes, with the acquisition of a malignant phenotype characterized by apoptosis resistance, unregulated proliferation and differentiation, invasion, and metastatic abilities. However, neoplastic development and progression seem to be aided by non-neoplastic cells; the molecules they produced can either promote the immune response or, alternatively, support tumor pathogenesis. Consequently, the relative contribution of tumor-associated inflammatory pathways to cancer development has become crucial information. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is an IL-1-like alarmin, and it is a ligand for the suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) receptor. IL-33 functions as a dual role cytokine with the ability to induce T-helper-type 2 (Th2) immune cells and translocate into the nucleus, suppressing gene transcription. Although its function in immunity- and immune-related disorders is well known, its role in tumorigenesis is still debated. The IL-33\/ST2 axis is emerging as a powerful modulator of the tumor microenvironment (TME) by recruiting immune cells, able to modify the TME, supporting malignant proliferation or improving antitumor immunity. In the present review, we discuss IL-33\u2032s potential role in lung carcinogenesis and its possible application as a therapeutic target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9050203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,26]],"date-time":"2019-05-26T23:07:27Z","timestamp":1558912047000},"page":"203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Interleukin-33 Involvement in Nonsmall Cell Lung Carcinomas: An Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Casciaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98123 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Cardia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, Section of Pathology, University of Messina, 98123 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Di Salvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies (IRBIM), 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Tuccari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, Section of Pathology, University of Messina, 98123 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2878-3572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ieni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, Section of Pathology, University of Messina, 98123 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Gangemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98123 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.09.081","article-title":"IL-33 signaling fuels outgrowth and metastasis of human lung cancer","volume":"479","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. 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