{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T06:33:47Z","timestamp":1792305227271,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAPESP No. 2013\/13392-4 and 2017\/02413-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPESP No. 2013\/13392-4 and 2017\/02413-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNPq No. 311815\/2012-0, 475739\/2013-2 and 39337\/2016-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq No. 311815\/2012-0, 475739\/2013-2 and 39337\/2016-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive Candida infections are an important growing medical concern and treatment options are limited to a few antifungal drug classes, with limited efficacies depending on the infecting organism. In this scenario, invasive infections caused by multiresistant Candida auris are emerging in several places around the world as important healthcare-associated infections. As antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) exert their activities primarily through mechanisms involving membrane disruption, they have a lower chance of inducing drug resistance than general chemical antimicrobials. Interestingly, we previously described the potent candicidal effect of a rattlesnake AMP, crotamine, against standard and treatment-resistant clinical isolates, with no hemolytic activity. We evaluated the antifungal susceptibility of several Candida spp. strains cultured from different patients by using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) microdilution assay, and the antifungal activity of native crotamine was evaluated by a microbial growth inhibition microdilution assay. Although all Candida isolates evaluated here showed resistance to amphotericin B and fluconazole, crotamine (40\u201380 \u00b5M) exhibited in vitro activity against most isolates tested. We suggest that this native polypeptide from the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus has potential as a structural model for the generation of a new class of antimicrobial compounds with the power to fight against multiresistant Candida spp.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9060205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T11:18:09Z","timestamp":1559042289000},"page":"205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Effects of the Natural Peptide Crotamine from a South American Rattlesnake on Candida auris, an Emergent Multidrug Antifungal Resistant Human Pathogen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7807-0303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Dal Mas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo SP 04038-032, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6115-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana","family":"Rossato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo SP 04038-032, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tha\u00eds","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo SP 04038-032, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo B.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (USP-RP), Ribeir\u00e3o Preto SP 14049-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6619-6489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro I.","family":"da Silva Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo SP 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3253-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques F.","family":"Meis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc\/CWZ, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ), 6532 Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0793-8491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaldo Lopes","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo SP 04038-032, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirian A. F.","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo SP 04038-032, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30304-3","article-title":"Candida and invasive mould diseases in non-neutropenic critically ill patients and patients with haematological cancer","volume":"17","author":"Colombo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000411","article-title":"Emerging multidrug-resistant Candida species","volume":"30","author":"Colombo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. 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