{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:35:22Z","timestamp":1787027722403,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,21]],"date-time":"2019-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01 AA024254-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01 AA024254-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01 AA024254-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01 AA024254-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alcoholic steatosis, characterized by an accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes, is one of the earliest pathological changes in the progression of alcoholic liver disease. In our previous study, we showed that alcohol-induced increase in serum ghrelin levels impair insulin secretion from pancreatic \u03b2-cells. The consequent reduction in the circulating insulin levels promote adipose-derived fatty acid mobilization to ultimately contribute to hepatic steatosis. In this study, we determined whether inhibition of ghrelin activity in chronic alcohol-fed rats could improve hepatic lipid homeostasis at the pancreas\u2013adipose\u2013liver axis. Adult Wistar rats were fed Lieber-DeCarli control or an ethanol liquid diet for 7 weeks. At 6 weeks, a subset of rats in each group were injected with either saline or ghrelin receptor antagonist, [d-Lys-3] GHRP-6 (DLys; 9 mg\/kg body weight) for 5 days and all rats were sacrificed 2 days later. DLys treatment of ethanol rats improved pancreatic insulin secretion, normalized serum insulin levels, and the adipose lipid metabolism, as evidenced by the decreased serum free fatty acids (FFA). DLys treatment of ethanol rats also significantly decreased the circulating FFA uptake, de novo hepatic fatty acid synthesis ultimately attenuating alcoholic steatosis. To summarize, inhibition of ghrelin activity reduced alcoholic steatosis by improving insulin secretion, normalizing serum insulin levels, inhibiting adipose lipolysis, and preventing fatty acid uptake and synthesis in the liver. Our studies provided new insights on the important role of ghrelin in modulating the pancreas\u2013adipose\u2013liver, and promoting adipocyte lipolysis and hepatic steatosis. The findings offer a therapeutic approach of not only preventing alcoholic liver injury but also treating it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9100517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T03:26:32Z","timestamp":1569209192000},"page":"517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Inhibition of Ghrelin Activity by Receptor Antagonist [d-Lys-3] GHRP-6 Attenuates Alcohol-Induced Hepatic Steatosis by Regulating Hepatic Lipid Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Karuna","family":"Rasineni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, Veterans\u2019 Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacy L.","family":"Kubik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, Veterans\u2019 Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7501-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol A.","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, Veterans\u2019 Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7759-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kusum K.","family":"Kharbanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, Veterans\u2019 Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.168","article-title":"Recent trends in the epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"2","author":"Singal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. 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