{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:41:32Z","timestamp":1790685692764,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI18\/0919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/0919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CP15\/00126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP15\/00126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-094727-B-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-094727-B-100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d\u2019Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","award":["2017-SGR-00333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-SGR-00333"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI18\/0919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/0919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lysyl oxidases (LOX and LOX-likes (LOXLs) isoenzymes) belong to a family of copper-dependent enzymes classically involved in the covalent cross-linking of collagen and elastin, a pivotal process that ensures extracellular matrix (ECM) stability and provides the tensile and elastic characteristics of connective tissues. Besides this structural role, in the last years, novel biological properties have been attributed to these enzymes, which can critically influence cardiovascular function. LOX and LOXLs control cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, differentiation, oxidative stress, and transcriptional regulation and, thereby, their dysregulation has been linked to a myriad of cardiovascular pathologies. Lysyl oxidase could modulate virtually all stages of the atherosclerotic process, from endothelial dysfunction and plaque progression to calcification and rupture of advanced and complicated plaques, and contributes to vascular stiffness in hypertension. The alteration of LOX\/LOXLs expression underlies the development of other vascular pathologies characterized by a destructive remodeling of the ECM, such as aneurysm and artery dissections, and contributes to the adverse myocardial remodeling and dysfunction in hypertension, myocardial infarction, and obesity. This review examines the most recent advances in the study of LOX and LOXLs biology and their pathophysiological role in cardiovascular diseases with special emphasis on their potential as therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9100610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T12:14:05Z","timestamp":1571055245000},"page":"610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Emerging Roles of Lysyl Oxidases in the Cardiovascular System: New Concepts and Therapeutic Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3894-7166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saray","family":"Varona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laia","family":"Ca\u00f1es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4758-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Gal\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Briones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departmento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Hospital La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Cachofeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IiSGM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6472-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvn102","article-title":"Regulation of lysyl oxidase in vascular cells: Lysyl oxidase as a new player in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"79","author":"Raposo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. 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