{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T12:38:53Z","timestamp":1791722333508,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomedicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, and it is anticipated that it could become even more prevalent in parallel with an increase in the incidence of metabolic diseases closely related to NAFLD, such as obesity, type II diabetes, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension. In addition to liver impairment, NAFLD is associated with cardiovascular diseases. Fibrosis, atherosclerosis, and venous thrombosis are basically the pathogenic mechanisms behind these clinical manifestations, and all are plausibly associated with hypercoagulability that may, in turn, develop because of an imbalance of pro- vs. anticoagulants and the presence of such procoagulant molecular species as microvesicles, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and inflammation. The assessment of hypercoagulability by means of thrombin generation is a global procedure that mimics the coagulation process occurring in vivo much better than any other coagulation test, and is considered to be the best candidate laboratory tool for assessing, with a single procedure, the balance of coagulation in NAFLD. In addition to defining the state of hypercoagulability, the assessment of thrombin generation could also be used to investigate, in clinical trials, the best approach (therapeutic and\/or lifestyle changes) for minimizing hypercoagulability and, hence, the risk of cardiovascular diseases, progression to atherosclerosis, and liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:44:33Z","timestamp":1643143473000},"page":"249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Hypercoagulability in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Causes and Consequences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Armando","family":"Tripodi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center and Fondazione Luigi Villa, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6958-927X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1588-2643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Primignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, First Division of Gastroenterology, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4685-7184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"La Mura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center and Fondazione Luigi Villa, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7423-9864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flora","family":"Peyvandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center and Fondazione Luigi Villa, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"Fracanzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.200964","article-title":"Tissue factor-bearing microparticles and thrombus formation","volume":"31","author":"Zwicker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.10.053","article-title":"Cellular origins and thrombogenic activity of microparticles isolated from human atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"49","author":"Leroyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2011.08.020","article-title":"Circulating microparticles and risk of venous thromboembolism","volume":"129","author":"Bucciarelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2005.07.004","article-title":"Two-way interactions between inflammation and coagulation","volume":"15","author":"Levi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravindran, M., Khan, M.A., and Palaniyar, N. (2019). Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation: Physiology, Pathology, and Pharmacology. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9080365"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300498","article-title":"Circulating nucleosomes and neutrophil activation as risk factors for deep vein thrombosis","volume":"33","author":"Stephan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04422.x","article-title":"Extracellular histones increase plasma thrombin generation by impairing thrombomodulin-dependent protein C activation","volume":"9","author":"Ammollo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.07833.x","article-title":"Acquired coagulation disorders: Revisited using global coagulation\/anticoagulation testing","volume":"147","author":"Tripodi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1159\/000071636","article-title":"Calibrated automated thrombin generation measurement in clotting plasma","volume":"33","author":"Hemker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"547","article-title":"Thrombin generation assessed as endogenous thrombin potential in patients with hyper- or hypo-coagulability. Effects of phospholipids, tissue factor and residual platelets on the measurement performed in platelet-poor and platelet-rich plasma","volume":"88","author":"Chantarangkul","year":"2003","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1160\/TH16-10-0806","article-title":"Detection of procoagulant imbalance. Modified endogenous thrombin potential with results expressed as ratio of values with-to-without thrombomodulin","volume":"117","author":"Tripodi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-010-0506-0","article-title":"Hypercoagulability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus detected by a thrombin generation assay","volume":"31","author":"Tripodi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-019-01818-9","article-title":"Body mass index reduction improves the baseline procoagulant imbalance of obese subjects","volume":"48","author":"Tripodi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.08.045","article-title":"An imbalance of pro- vs. anti-coagulation factors in plasma from patients with cirrhosis","volume":"137","author":"Tripodi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1027-1","article-title":"Hypercoagulability in patients with Cushing disease detected by thrombin generation assay is associated with increased levels of neutrophil extracellular trap-related factors","volume":"56","author":"Tripodi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2009.10.012","article-title":"Increased thrombin generation in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"125","author":"Saibeni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa351","article-title":"Anti-TNF-\u03b1 Treatment Reduces the Baseline Procoagulant Imbalance of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"27","author":"Tripodi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: Trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Le, M.H., Yeo, Y.H., Li, X., Li, J., Zou, B., Wu, Y., Ye, Q., Huang, D.Q., Zhao, C., and Zhang, J. (2021). 2019 global NAFLD prevalence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24097","article-title":"Gender-specific differences in adipose distribution and adipocytokines influence adolescent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"53","author":"Ayonrinde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.09.015","article-title":"Body mass index in childhood and adult risk of primary liver cancer","volume":"60","author":"Berentzen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30626","article-title":"Sex Differences in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: State of the Art and Identification of Research Gaps","volume":"70","author":"Lonardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.11.039","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the second leading etiology of liver disease among adults awaiting liver transplantation in the United States","volume":"148","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.962","article-title":"Associations between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and subclinical atherosclerosis in middle-aged adults: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study","volume":"235","author":"Ning","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.02.023","article-title":"LIDO Study Group. Fatty liver is an independent predictor of early carotid atherosclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Pais","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.05.013","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Targher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41424-018-0002-y","article-title":"Increased risk of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis due to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"9","author":"Stine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6119","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i48.6119","article-title":"High prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver in patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism","volume":"16","author":"Tufano","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13264","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an almost twofold increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Ballestri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.021","article-title":"The global epidemiology of NAFLD and NASH in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Younossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.08.018","article-title":"The risk of incident extrahepatic cancers is higher in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease than obesity\u2014A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"71","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.M., Park, Y.M., Yun, J.S., Ahn, Y.B., Lee, K.M., Kim, D.B., Lee, J.M., Han, K., and Ko, S.H. (2020). The association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and esophageal, stomach, or colorectal cancer: National population-based cohort study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226351"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.01.013","article-title":"NAFLD as a driver of chronic kidney disease","volume":"72","author":"Byrne","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i20.2669","article-title":"Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"26","author":"Umbro","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000654","article-title":"Low Thyroid Function in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is an Independent Predictor of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality","volume":"115","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14058","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome with hyperandrogenism as a risk factor for non-obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.06.008","article-title":"Prevalence, characteristics and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis","volume":"51","author":"Miele","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.09.023","article-title":"Outcomes of liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25855","article-title":"Patients transplanted for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are at increased risk for postoperative cardiovascular events","volume":"56","author":"Vanwagner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.04.005","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk: Pathophysiological mechanisms and implications","volume":"65","author":"Francque","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.03.013","article-title":"Procoagulant imbalance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"61","author":"Tripodi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2010.02375.x","article-title":"Increased coagulation factor VIII, IX, XI and XII activities in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"31","author":"Kotronen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29914","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps promote inflammation and development of hepatocellular carcinoma in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"68","author":"Sud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2018.01.001","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver diseases","volume":"2","author":"Eguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597648","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.597648","article-title":"Chronic Inflammation in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"11","author":"Luci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.06.001","article-title":"Preserved hemostatic status in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"65","author":"Potze","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.114.218545","article-title":"Thrombin inhibition with dabigatran protects against high-fat diet-induced fatty liver disease in mice","volume":"351","author":"Kopec","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3152","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI92744","article-title":"Thrombin promotes diet-induced obesity through fibrin-driven inflammation","volume":"127","author":"Kopec","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, X., Wang, S., Taveira, T.H., and Akhlaghi, F. (2021). Required warfarin dose and time in therapeutic range in patients with diagnosed Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) or Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251665"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1238","article-title":"Hepatic and portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: Possible role in development of parenchymal extinction and portal hypertension","volume":"21","author":"Wanless","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2008.09.013","article-title":"Parenchymal extinction: Coagulation and hepatic fibrogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Anstee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5834","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i37.5834","article-title":"Association between thrombotic risk factors and extent of fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases","volume":"11","author":"Assy","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.03015.x","article-title":"Coagulation status modulates murine hepatic fibrogenesis: Implications for the development of novel therapies","volume":"6","author":"Anstee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04429.x","article-title":"Hypercoagulability in cirrhosis: Causes and consequences","volume":"9","author":"Tripodi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12604","article-title":"Statin use and venous thromboembolism recurrence: A combined nationwide cohort and nested case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161115666170621082910","article-title":"Statins: An Under-Appreciated Asset for the Prevention and the Treatment of NAFLD or NASH and the Related Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"16","author":"Athyros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2019.06.003","article-title":"Antidiabetic Drugs and Statins in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"9","author":"Kothari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.02.014","article-title":"The use of statins alone, or in combination with pioglitazone and other drugs, for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease\/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and related cardiovascular risk. An Expert Panel Statement","volume":"71","author":"Athyros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"8623","article-title":"Statins for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"14","author":"Eslami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000845","article-title":"Effects of Statin Use on the Development and Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Nationwide Nested Case-Control Study","volume":"116","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2014.03.016","article-title":"Statins decrease thrombin generation in patients with hypercholesterolemia","volume":"25","author":"Tripodi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12223","article-title":"Statin therapy and levels of hemostatic factors in a healthy population: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."}],"container-title":["Biomedicines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9059\/10\/2\/249\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:06:36Z","timestamp":1760133996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9059\/10\/2\/249"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["biomedicines10020249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines10020249","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]}}}