{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:34:03Z","timestamp":1787027643481,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31730096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31730096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971964"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971964"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomedicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis is a serious zoonotic disease that threatens human and animal health. Here, we evaluated the vaccine potential of the deletion of Toxoplasma rhoptry protein 38 (Pru\u0394rop38) through its pathogenicity and immunoprotective efficacy in mice. Mice inoculated intraperitoneally with 1 \u00d7 103, 2 \u00d7 103, or 4 \u00d7 103 Pru\u0394rop38 showed no visible signs, whereas mice inoculated with 1 \u00d7 103 parental Pru strain showed obvious wasting and bow-back, suggesting a significantly lower pathogenicity of Pru\u0394rop38 in mice. Vaccination with 1 \u00d7 102 Pru\u0394rop38 triggered a mixed Th1\/Th2 response (Th1 response predominant), with higher IgG, IgG2a, and IgG1 levels in serum from week 3 to week 12, and a significant increase in IFN-\u03b3, IL-12, and IL-10 in suspensions of splenocytes at 30 or 60 days post-immunization. All vaccinated mice survived when infected intraperitoneally with tachyzoites (RH, Pru, VEG, or TgcatBJ1) or when infected orally with cysts (Pru or ME49). The brain parasite burden during Pru tachyzoite, Pru cyst and ME49 cyst challenges were significantly reduced in vaccinated mice. The duration of immunization showed that vaccination with Pru\u0394rop38 could protect mice from challenge with different varied genotypes of Toxoplasma strains against different routes of infection. Collectively, these findings indicate that Pru\u0394rop38 is an attenuated strain that provides long-term protective efficacy against acute or chronic toxoplasmosis in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10061336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T10:08:24Z","timestamp":1654510104000},"page":"1336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Deletion of Toxoplasma Rhoptry Protein 38 (Pru\u0394rop38) as a Vaccine Candidate for Toxoplasmosis in a Murine Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yayun","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhu","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7309-0340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.2012346","article-title":"The pathogenicity and virulence of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"12","author":"Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3598","article-title":"Innate immunity to Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"14","author":"Yarovinsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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