{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T13:38:40Z","timestamp":1794317920858,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SOFIA Project"},{"name":"Regione Toscana within Programma operativo regionale (Por)"},{"name":"Fondo europeo di sviluppo regionale (Fesr)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomedicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vascular calcification is a systemic disease contributing to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of vascular calcification involves calcium salt deposition by vascular smooth muscle cells that exhibit an osteoblast-like phenotype. Multiple conditions drive the phenotypic switch and calcium deposition in the vascular wall; however, the exact molecular mechanisms and the connection between vascular smooth muscle cells and other cell types are not fully elucidated. In this hazy landscape, effective treatment options are lacking. Due to the pathophysiological complexity, several research models are available to evaluate different aspects of the calcification process. This review gives an overview of the in vitro cell models used so far to study the molecular processes underlying vascular calcification. In addition, relevant natural and synthetic compounds that exerted anticalcifying properties in in vitro systems are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:07:43Z","timestamp":1665187663000},"page":"2491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Vascular Calcification: In Vitro Models under the Magnifying Glass"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3912-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Ceccherini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Cecchettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Gisone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Persiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Aurora","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5457-2328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Vozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12631","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12631","article-title":"Melatonin Alleviates Vascular Calcification and Ageing through Exosomal MiR-204\/MiR-211 Cluster in a Paracrine Manner","volume":"68","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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