{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T15:48:51Z","timestamp":1782316131700,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2022CFB299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB299"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2021BCA142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BCA142"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2022CFB299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB299"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2021BCA142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BCA142"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomedicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disruption manifested by immune cell infiltration in thyroid tissue and the production of antibodies against thyroid-specific antigens, such as the thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb). TPOAb and TGAb are commonly used in clinical tests; however, handy indicators of the diagnosis and progression of HT are still scarce. Extracellular proteins are glycosylated and are likely to enter body fluids and become readily available and detectable biomarkers. Our research aimed to discover extracellular biomarkers and potential treatment targets associated with HT through integrated bioinformatics analysis and clinical sample validations. A total of 19 extracellular protein-differentially expressed genes (EP-DEGs) were screened by the GSE138198 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and protein annotation databases. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to analyze the function and pathway of EP-DEGs. STRING, Cytoscape, MCODE, and Cytohubba were used to construct a protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) network and screen key EP-DEGs. Six key EP-DEGs (CCL5, GZMK, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CXCL13) were further validated in the GSE29315 dataset and the diagnostic curves were evaluated, which all showed high diagnostic accuracy (AUC &gt; 0.95) for HT. Immune profiling revealed the correlation of the six key EP-DEGs and the pivotal immune cells in HT, such as CD8+ T cells, dendritic cells, and Th2 cells. Further, we also confirmed the key EP-DEGs in clinical thyroid samples. Our study may provide bioinformatics and clinical evidence for revealing the pathogenesis of HT and improving the potential diagnosis biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for HT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11123127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T03:43:59Z","timestamp":1700797439000},"page":"3127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Identification and Preliminary Clinical Validation of Key Extracellular Proteins as the Potential Biomarkers in Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis by Comprehensive Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zihan","family":"Xi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2504-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tinglin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2130-8621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401282","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: History and future outlook","volume":"12","author":"Hiromatsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.597","article-title":"Cancer risk in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"109","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. 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