{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T15:07:20Z","timestamp":1780758440221,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation","award":["grant n. PGR02061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant n. PGR02061"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trunk-like robots have attracted a lot of attention in the community of researchers interested in the general field of bio-inspired soft robotics, because trunk-like soft arms may offer high dexterity and adaptability very similar to elephants and potentially quite superior to traditional articulated manipulators. In view of the practical applications, the integration of a soft hydrostatic segment with a hard-articulated segment, i.e., a hybrid kinematic structure similar to the elephant\u2019s body, is probably the best design framework. It is proposed that this integration should occur at the conceptual\/cognitive level before being implemented in specific soft technologies, including the related control paradigms. The proposed modeling approach is based on the passive motion paradigm (PMP), originally conceived for addressing the degrees of freedom problem of highly redundant, articulated structures. It is shown that this approach can be naturally extended from highly redundant to hyper-redundant structures, including hybrid structures that include a hard and a soft component. The PMP model is force-based, not motion-based, and it is characterized by two main computational modules: the Jacobian matrix of the hybrid kinematic chain and a compliance matrix that maps generalized force fields into coordinated gestures of the whole-body model. It is shown how the modulation of the compliance matrix can be used for the synergy formation process, which coordinates the hyper-redundant nature of the hybrid body model and, at the same time, for the preparation of the trunk tip in view of a stable physical interaction of the body with the environment, in agreement with the general impedance\u2013control concept.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T06:05:10Z","timestamp":1735797910000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Computational Model of Hybrid Trunk-like Robots for Synergy Formation in Anticipation of Physical Interaction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Pietro","family":"Morasso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotic, Brain, and Cognitive Sciences Research Unit, Italian Institute of Technology, Center for Human Technologies, Via Enrico Melen 83, Bldg B, 16152 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0832","article-title":"Neural simulation of action: A unifying mechanism for motor cognition","volume":"14","author":"Jeannerod","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vernon, D., Beetz, M., and Sandini, G. 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