{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:23:47Z","timestamp":1791404627457,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["RS-2023-00278268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00278268"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Meningitis is the acute or chronic inflammation of the protective membranes, surrounding the brain and spinal cord, and this inflammatory process spreads throughout the subarachnoid space. The traditional drug delivery methods pose a disadvantage in limiting the capacity of crossing the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) to reach the central nervous system (CNS). Hence, it is imperative to develop novel approaches that can overcome these constraints and offer efficient therapy for meningitis. Nanoparticle (NP)-based therapeutic approaches have the potential to address the limitations such as penetrating the BBB and achieving targeted drug release in specific cells and tissues. This review highlights recent advancements in nanotechnology-based approaches, such as functionalized polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions, liposomes, transferosomes, and metallic NPs for the treatment of meningitis. Recently, bionics has emerged as a next-generation technology in the development of novel ideas from biological principles, structures, and interactions for neurological and neuroinfectious diseases. Despite their potential, more studies are needed to ensure the safety and efficacy of NP-based drug delivery systems focusing on critical aspects such as toxicity, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetics. Therefore, this review addresses current treatment strategies and innovative nanoparticle approaches, and it discusses future directions for efficient and targeted meningitis therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10010025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T10:17:23Z","timestamp":1735899443000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Nanotherapeutics for Meningitis: Enhancing Drug Delivery Across the Blood-Brain Barrier"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2790-6005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitaishi","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2789-5556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kannan Badri","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang 38541, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3252-7216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shampa","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3849-5945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishna Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology (SCIT), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Hinjawadi, Pune 411057, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prarthana","family":"Rehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aparajita Dasgupta","family":"Amist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector 125, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Noida 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0181-6197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakesh","family":"Bhaskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang 38541, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7444-6932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jitendra Kumar","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70162-6","article-title":"Overview of acute and chronic meningitis","volume":"17","author":"Coyle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60459","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16570-y","article-title":"Deciphering the Role of Nanoparticles for Management of Bacterial Meningitis: An Update on Recent Studies","volume":"28","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04891-1","article-title":"Viral Meningitis: An Overview","volume":"166","author":"Kohil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00883-7","article-title":"Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis","volume":"398","author":"Brouwer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2019-0333","article-title":"Methods for Rapid Diagnosis of Meningitis Etiology in Adults","volume":"14","author":"Poplin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, S., Sinha, J.K., Khan, T., Devaraju, K.S., Singh, P., Vaibhav, K., and Gaur, P. (2021). Pharmacological and Therapeutic Approaches in the Treatment of Epilepsy. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9050470"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107653","article-title":"Efficacy of Cicuta Virosa Medicinal Preparations against Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures","volume":"115","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1007\/s42823-022-00397-9","article-title":"Graphene Quantum Dots as a Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tool for the Management of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"32","author":"Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbon Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c10674","article-title":"Functionalized Nanomaterials Capable of Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier","volume":"18","author":"Zha","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"100548","article-title":"Micro\/Nanosystems for Controllable Drug Delivery to the Brain","volume":"5","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, S., Ghosh, S., Sharma, H., Bhaskar, R., Han, S.S., and Sinha, J.K. (2024). Harnessing the Power of Biological Macromolecules in Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Release in the Central Nervous System: A Review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 254.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127708"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avdonin, P.P., Blinova, M.S., Generalova, G.A., Emirova, K.M., and Avdonin, P.V. (2024). The Role of the Complement System in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Forms of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14010039"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(03)00141-3","article-title":"T-Cell Immune Responses in the Brain and Their Relevance for Cerebral Malignancies","volume":"42","author":"Walker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"314","article-title":"Aseptic and Bacterial Meningitis: Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention\u2014American Family Physician","volume":"96","author":"Mount","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Sun, H., Gao, C., Wang, Y., Cheng, X., Yang, Y., Gou, Q., Lei, L., Chen, Y., and Wang, X. (2021). Development of a Chitosan-modified PLGA Nanoparticle Vaccine for Protection against Escherichia Coli K1 Caused Meningitis in Mice. J. Nanobiotechnol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-00812-9"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sachdeva, B., Sachdeva, P., Negi, A., Ghosh, S., Han, S., Dewanjee, S., Jha, S.K., Bhaskar, R., Sinha, J.K., and Paiva-Santos, A.C. (2023). Chitosan Nanoparticles-Based Cancer Drug Delivery: Application and Challenges. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21040211"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aderibigbe, B.A., and Naki, T. (2018). Design and Efficacy of Nanogels Formulations for Intranasal Administration. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23061241"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200429011823","article-title":"Current Status of Drug Targets and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies in the Management of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"18","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00319","article-title":"Investigating Bacterial Penetration of the Blood-Brain Barrier for the Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Therapy of Bacterial Meningitis","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-016-0405-9","article-title":"Crossing the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier: Recent Advances in Drug Delivery to the Brain","volume":"31","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"133","article-title":"Drug Delivery and Nanoparticles: Applications and Hazards","volume":"3","author":"Borm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10291-x","article-title":"Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"268","author":"Baskin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yetisgin, A.A., Cetinel, S., Zuvin, M., Kosar, A., and Kutlu, O. (2020). Therapeutic Nanoparticles and Their Targeted Delivery Applications. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092193"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombardo, D., and Kiselev, M.A. (2022). Methods of Liposomes Preparation: Formation and Control Factors of Versatile Nanocarriers for Biomedical and Nanomedicine Application. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14030543"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Begines, B., Ortiz, T., P\u00e9rez-Aranda, M., Mart\u00ednez, G., Merinero, M., Arg\u00fcelles-Arias, F., and Alcudia, A. (2020). Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Recent Developments and Future Prospects. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10071403"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satapathy, M.K., Yen, T.L., Jan, J.S., Tang, R.D., Wang, J.Y., Taliyan, R., and Yang, C.H. (2021). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (Slns): An Advanced Drug Delivery System Targeting Brain through Bbb. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081183"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukhtar, M., Bilal, M., Rahdar, A., and Barani, M. (2020). Nanomaterials for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Cancer: Recent Updates. Chemosensors, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors8040117"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialsau.3c00032","article-title":"Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Drug\/Gene Delivery: An Overview of the Production Techniques and Difficulties Encountered in Their Industrial Development","volume":"3","author":"Mehta","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Au"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.14.206","article-title":"Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"10","author":"Gregori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, A., Veiga, F., and Figueiras, A. (2020). Dendrimers as Pharmaceutical Excipients: Synthesis, Properties, Toxicity and Biomedical Applications. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13010065"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.130965","article-title":"Dendrimers in Drug Delivery and Targeting: Drug-Dendrimer Interactions and Toxicity Issues","volume":"6","author":"Madaan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340315","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/340315","article-title":"Polymeric Micelles, a Promising Drug Delivery System to Enhance Bioavailability of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs","volume":"2013","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jhaveri, A.M., and Torchilin, V.P. (2014). Multifunctional Polymeric Micelles for Delivery of Drugs and SiRNA. Front. Pharmacol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00077"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naqvi, S., Panghal, A., and Flora, S.J.S. (2020). Nanotechnology: A Promising Approach for Delivery of Neuroprotective Drugs. Front. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00494"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ska, A., Carreir\u00f3, F., Oliveira, A.M., Neves, A., Pires, B., Venkatesh, D.N., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Eder, P., and Silva, A.M. (2020). Polymeric Nanoparticles: Production, Characterization, Toxicology and Ecotoxicology. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163731"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashfaq, R., Rasul, A., Asghar, S., Kov\u00e1cs, A., Berk\u00f3, S., and Budai-Sz\u0171cs, M. (2023). Lipid Nanoparticles: An Effective Tool to Improve the Bioavailability of Nutraceuticals. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115764"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.01.047","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Current Therapies, Novel Drug Delivery Systems and Future Directions for Better Disease Management","volume":"367","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.13132","article-title":"Advancements in Nanotherapeutics for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Current Perspectives","volume":"71","author":"Harilal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez, F., Caruana, P., De la Fuente, N., Espa\u00f1ol, P., G\u00e1mez, M., Balart, J., Llurba, E., Rovira, R., Ruiz, R., and Mart\u00edn-Lorente, C. (2022). Nano-Based Approved Pharmaceuticals for Cancer Treatment: Present and Future Challenges. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12060784"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e09575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09575","article-title":"Liposomes: An Emerging Carrier for Targeting Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Pandian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2174\/156720107782151269","article-title":"Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems: An Update Review","volume":"4","author":"Samad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Upadhyay, R.K. (2014). Drug Delivery Systems, CNS Protection, and the Blood Brain Barrier. Biomed Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/869269"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SM02958A","article-title":"Nanoemulsions: Formation, Properties and Applications","volume":"12","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-014-0214-0","article-title":"Nanoemulsion: An Advanced Mode of Drug Delivery System","volume":"5","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2015","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonferoni, M.C., Rossi, S., Sandri, G., Ferrari, F., Gavini, E., Rassu, G., and Giunchedi, P. (2019). Nanoemulsions for \u201cNose-to-Brain\u201d Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11020084"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.03.008","article-title":"Nanoemulsion: Concepts, Development and Applications in Drug Delivery","volume":"252","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2021.06.017","article-title":"Nanostructured Gold in Ancient Ayurvedic Calcined Drug \u2018Swarnabhasma","volume":"12","author":"Wele","year":"2021","journal-title":"\u2019 J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs15355f","article-title":"Intrinsic Therapeutic Applications of Noble Metal Nanoparticles: Past, Present and Future","volume":"41","author":"Arvizo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2021.1912008","article-title":"Metallic Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Desai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.H., and Jun, B.H. (2019). Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Application for Nanomedicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040865"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S243223","article-title":"Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System for Glioma and Its Efficacy Improvement Strategies: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelkawi, A. (2023). Surface Modification of Metallic Nanoparticles for Targeting Drugs. Coatings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13091660"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c00349","article-title":"Nanoparticle Surface Engineering With Heparosan Polysaccharide Reduces Serum Protein Adsorption and Enhances Cellular Uptake","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071811-150124","article-title":"The Effect of Nanoparticle Size, Shape, and Surface Chemistry on Biological Systems","volume":"14","author":"Albanese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Zhao, Y., Guo, K., Tian, H., Cao, W.F., Wang, R., Chen, Y., Chen, D., Gao, B., and Shen, J. (2022). Macromolecular Nanoparticles to Attenuate Both Reactive Oxygen Species and Inflammatory Damage for Treating Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Bioeng. Transl. Med., 8."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b16219","article-title":"D-T7 Peptide-Modified PEGylated Bilirubin Nanoparticles Loaded With Cediranib and Paclitaxel for Antiangiogenesis and Chemotherapy of Glioma","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"e44302","article-title":"Advances and Opportunities in Nanoparticle Drug Delivery for Central Nervous System Disorders: A Review of Current Advances","volume":"15","author":"Ekhator","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokolova, V., Mekky, G., van der Meer, S.B., Seeds, M.C., Atala, A., and Epple, M. (2020). Transport of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles (2 Nm) Across the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier in a Six-Cell Brain Spheroid Model. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75125-2"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minigalieva, I.A., Ryabova, Y.V., Shelomencev, I.G., Amromin, L.A., Minigalieva, R.F., Sutunkova, Y.M., Privalova, L.I., and Sutunkova, M.P. (2023). Analysis of Experimental Data on Changes in Various Structures and Functions of the Rat Brain Following Intranasal Administration of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043572"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12583","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c01592","article-title":"Nanocarriers as Potential Drug Delivery Candidates for Overcoming the Blood-Brain Barrier: Challenges and Possibilities","volume":"5","author":"Narayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01481-w","article-title":"The Blood\u2013Brain Barrier: Structure, Regulation, and Drug Delivery","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2016.1184272","article-title":"Nano Carriers for Drug Transport across the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.05.044","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Mediated Brain Drug Delivery: Overcoming Blood-Brain Barrier to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"235","author":"Saraiva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"169","article-title":"An Investigation of the Effect of the Protein Corona on the Cellular Uptake of Nanoliposomes under Flow Conditions Using Quartz Crystal Microgravimetry with Dissipation","volume":"7","author":"Paun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.123987","article-title":"Unveiling the Challenges of Engineered Protein Corona from the Proteins\u2019 Perspective","volume":"654","author":"Marques","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8727","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c05848","article-title":"Transferrin: Biology and Use in Receptor-Targeted Nanotherapy of Gliomas","volume":"6","author":"Koneru","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.08.051","article-title":"Recent Advances in Drug Delivery and Targeting to the Brain","volume":"350","author":"Sethi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18342","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b02588","article-title":"Hydrophilic Fluorescent Nanoprodrug of Paclitaxel for Glioblastoma Chemotherapy","volume":"4","author":"Daniel","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5426","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c00657","article-title":"Enhancing Physicochemical Properties and Biocompatibility of Hollow Porous Iron Oxide Nanoparticles through Polymer-Based Surface Modifications","volume":"6","author":"Malabanan","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.114079","article-title":"To PEGylate or Not to PEGylate: Immunological Properties of Nanomedicine\u2019s Most Popular Component, Polyethylene Glycol and Its Alternatives","volume":"180","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"e66669","article-title":"PEGylation in Pharmaceutical Development: Current Status and Emerging Trends in Macromolecular and Immunotherapeutic Drugs","volume":"16","author":"Santhanakrishnan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinheiro, R.G.R., Coutinho, A.J., Pinheiro, M., and Neves, A.R. (2021). Nanoparticles for Targeted Brain Drug Delivery: What Do We Know?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111654"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madkhali, O.A. (2022). Perspectives and Prospective on Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051543"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s41120-023-00080-x","article-title":"A Review on Lipid-Based Nanocarriers Mimicking Chylomicron and Their Potential in Drug Delivery and Targeting Infectious and Cancerous Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Elnady","year":"2023","journal-title":"AAPS Open"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8284","article-title":"A Toxicologic Review of Quantum Dots: Toxicity Depends on Physicochemical and Environmental Factors","volume":"114","author":"Hardman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"3963","article-title":"Effects Triggered by Platinum Nanoparticles on Primary Keratinocytes","volume":"8","author":"Konieczny","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5595","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S209135","article-title":"The Acute Toxic Effects of Platinum Nanoparticles on Ion Channels, Transmembrane Potentials of Cardiomyocytes in Vitro and Heart Rhythm in Vivo in Mice","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carre\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez, J.L., Garc\u00eda Casillas, P.E., and Chapa Gonz\u00e1lez, C. (2023). Gold Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers: The Role of Silica and PEG as Surface Coatings in Optimizing Drug Loading. Micromachines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14020451"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2010.489207","article-title":"Comparison of the Toxicity of Silver, Gold and Platinum Nanoparticles in Developing Zebrafish Embryos","volume":"5","author":"Asharani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.07.010","article-title":"Progress in Non-Viral Localized Delivery of SiRNA Therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2009.208","article-title":"Evaluation of Efficacy, Biodistribution, and Inflammation for a Potent SiRNA Nanoparticle: Effect of Dexamethasone Co-Treatment","volume":"18","author":"Abrams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, K.H., Riaz, M.K., Xie, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, Q., Chen, H., Bian, Z., Chen, X., Lu, A., and Yang, Z. (2019). Review of Current Strategies for Delivering Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Drugs across the Blood-Brain Barrier. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020381"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.05.032","article-title":"Targeted Drug Delivery to the Brain via Intranasal Nanoemulsion: Available Proof of Concept and Existing Challenges","volume":"565","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahadur, S., Pardhi, D.M., Rautio, J., Rosenholm, J.M., and Pathak, K. (2020). Intranasal Nanoemulsions for Direct Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Actives for Cns Disorders. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121230"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ul Islam, S., Shehzad, A., Bilal Ahmed, M., and Lee, Y.S. (2020). Intranasal Delivery of Nanoformulations: A Potential Way of Treatment for Neurological Disorders. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25081929"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.90876","article-title":"A Review on Mucoadhesive Polymer Used in Nasal Drug Delivery System","volume":"2","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Y., Sun, B., Gao, X., Dong, X., Fu, L., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Jiang, H., and Han, B. (2020). Intranasal Delivery of Targeted Nanoparticles Loaded With MiR-132 to Brain for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01165"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramvikas, M., Arumugam, M., Chakrabarti, S.R., and Jaganathan, K.S. (2017). Nasal Vaccine Delivery, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-39981-4.00015-4"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2006.0127","article-title":"Biomimetics: Its Practice and Theory","volume":"3","author":"Vincent","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c11235","article-title":"Subcellular Nanobionic Liposome with High Zeta Potential Enhances Intravesical Adhesion and Drug Delivery","volume":"18","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8433","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S333279","article-title":"Platelet-Tumor Cell Hybrid Membrane-Camouflaged Nanoparticles for Enhancing Therapy Efficacy in Glioma","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.104105","article-title":"Neurological Insights into Brain-Targeted Cancer Therapy and Bioinspired Microrobots","volume":"29","author":"Ghosh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.121551","article-title":"Micro\/Nanorobots for Precise Drug Delivery via Targeted Transport and Triggered Release: A Review","volume":"616","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-024-04131-4","article-title":"Nanorobots Mediated Drug Delivery for Brain Cancer Active Targeting and Controllable Therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319827573","article-title":"Brain-Machine Interface in Chronic Stroke: Randomized Trial Long-Term Follow-Up","volume":"33","author":"Curado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamounier, P., Carasek, N., Daher, V.B., Costa, C.C., Ramos, H.V.L., Martins, S.d.C., Borges, A.L.d.F., Oliveira, L.A.T., and Bahmad, F. (2024). Cochlear Implants after Meningitis and Otosclerosis: A Comparison between Cochlear Ossification and Speech Perception Tests. J. Pers. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14040428"},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Ficai, A., and Grumezescu, A.M. (2017). Chapter 29\u2014Nanotherapy: A next Generation Hallmark for Combating Cancer. Micro and Nano Technologies, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-022-00461-6","article-title":"Nanotherapy: Targeting the Tumour Microenvironment","volume":"22","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmt.2023.09.001","article-title":"Review of the Efficacy of Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment","volume":"5","author":"Elumalai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Technol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oehler, J.B., Rajapaksha, W., and Albrecht, H. (2024). Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer. J. Pers. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14070723"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"3761","article-title":"Value of Phagocyte Function Screening for Immunotoxicity of Nanoparticles in Vivo","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2009.11.002","article-title":"Design and Fabrication of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery and Imaging","volume":"62","author":"Veiseh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-023-00552-2","article-title":"The Protein Corona from Nanomedicine to Environmental Science","volume":"8","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvati, A. (2024). The Biomolecular Corona of Nanomedicines: Effects on Nanomedicine Outcomes and Emerging Opportunities. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 87.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2024.103101"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasti, S., Lee, I.H., Kim, S., Lee, J.H., and Kim, H. (2023). Ethical and Legal Challenges in Nanomedical Innovations: A Scoping Review. Front. Genet., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1163392"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-021-01024-2","article-title":"Current Hurdles to the Translation of Nanomedicines from Bench to the Clinic","volume":"12","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.02.025","article-title":"Current Approaches of Nanomedicines in the Market and Various Stage of Clinical Translation","volume":"12","author":"Shan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntm.2024.100036","article-title":"Advances in Clinical Application of Nanoparticle-Based Therapy for Cancer Treatment: A Systematic Review","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano TransMed"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00804-0","article-title":"A Review of Temporal Interference, Nanoparticles, Ultrasound, Gene Therapy, and Designer Receptors for Parkinson Disease","volume":"10","author":"Currie","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c00254","article-title":"Recent Advances in Nanotherapeutics for Neurological Disorders","volume":"6","author":"Vashist","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumarasamy, R.V., Natarajan, P.M., Umapathy, V.R., Roy, J.R., Mironescu, M., and Palanisamy, C.P. (2024). Clinical Applications and Therapeutic Potentials of Advanced Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review on Completed Human Clinical Trials. Front. Nanotechnol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2024.1479993"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.10.007","article-title":"Improving and Accelerating Drug Development for Nervous System Disorders","volume":"84","author":"Pankevich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.03.021","article-title":"The Need for New Approaches in CNS Drug Discovery: Why Drugs Have Failed, and What Can Be Done to Improve Outcomes","volume":"120","author":"Gribkoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026621666210305101804","article-title":"Role of Phytomolecules in the Treatment of Obesity: Targets, Mechanisms and Limitations","volume":"21","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1532","article-title":"Epigenomic Maintenance through Dietary Intervention Can Facilitate DNA Repair Process to Slow down the Progress of Premature Aging","volume":"68","author":"Ghosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/10\/1\/25\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:22:34Z","timestamp":1759918954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/10\/1\/25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics10010025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics10010025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-7673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]}}}