{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T10:12:27Z","timestamp":1766139147042,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Social Science Fund for Art","award":["21BG125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21BG125"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to address the clinical needs of hemiplegic and stroke patients with lower limb motor impairments, including gait abnormalities, muscle weakness, and loss of motor coordination during rehabilitation. To achieve this, it proposes an innovative design method for a lower limb rehabilitation training system based on Bayesian networks and parallel mechanisms. A Bayesian network model is constructed based on expert knowledge and structural mechanics analysis, considering key factors such as rehabilitation scenarios, motion trajectory deviations, and rehabilitation goals. By utilizing the motion characteristics of parallel mechanisms, we designed a rehabilitation training device that supports multidimensional gait correction. A three-dimensional digital model is developed, and multi-posture ergonomic simulations are conducted. The study focuses on quantitatively assessing the kinematic characteristics of the hip, knee, and ankle joints while wearing the device, establishing a comprehensive evaluation system that includes range of motion (ROM), dynamic load, and optimization matching of motion trajectories. Kinematic analysis verifies that the structural design of the device is reasonable, aiding in improving patients\u2019 gait, enhancing strength, and restoring flexibility. The Bayesian network model achieves personalized rehabilitation goal optimization through dynamic probability updates. The design of parallel mechanisms significantly expands the range of joint motion, such as enhancing hip sagittal plane mobility and reducing dynamic load, thereby validating the notable optimization effect of parallel mechanisms on gait rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10040230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T11:05:02Z","timestamp":1744110302000},"page":"230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of a Bayesian Network-Based Parallel Mechanism for Lower Limb Gait Rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Huiguo","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Quanzhou Ocean Institute, Shishi City, Quanzhou 362700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Quanzhou Ocean Institute, Shishi City, Quanzhou 362700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Quanzhou Ocean Institute, Shishi City, Quanzhou 362700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Arts and Design, Yanshan University, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao 066000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingfu","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Quanzhou Ocean Institute, Shishi City, Quanzhou 362700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7227-9134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingxi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2627-3152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"He","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9723-883X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qihan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Art and Design, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Quanzhou Ocean Institute, Shishi City, Quanzhou 362700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Datang International Power Generation Co., Ltd., Zhangjiakou Power Generation Branch, Zhangjiakou 075000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Arts and Design, Yanshan University, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao 066000, China"},{"name":"Department of Design, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011001","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4066859","article-title":"Deep Learning-Driven Analysis of a Six-Bar Mechanism for Personalized Gait Rehabilitation","volume":"25","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-024-10944-2","article-title":"Velocity Control of a Stephenson III Six-Bar Linkage-Based Gait Rehabilitation Robot Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","volume":"37","author":"Kapsalyamov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s10033-019-0389-8","article-title":"A Review on Lower Limb Rehabilitation Exoskeleton Robots","volume":"32","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731802","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3731802","article-title":"Robotics in Lower-Limb Rehabilitation after Stroke","volume":"2017","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2017.2784783","article-title":"A Global Bayesian Optimization Algorithm and Its Application to Integrated System Design","volume":"26","author":"Torun","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. VLSI Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2012.11.017","article-title":"Efficient Bayesian Network Modeling of Systems","volume":"112","author":"Bensi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793351X24410022","article-title":"A Bayesian Approach to Constructing Probabilistic Models from Knowledge Graphs","volume":"18","author":"Freedman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Semant. Comput."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109915","article-title":"Multiple Machine Learning Modeling on near Mid-Air Collisions: An Approach towards Probabilistic Reasoning","volume":"244","author":"Hooey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3477600","article-title":"Reinforcement Learning in Healthcare: A Survey","volume":"55","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/09544828.2023.2301231","article-title":"Emotion-Driven Action Interaction Design in Small Quadruped Robots: Leveraging NXEIK Multilevel Network","volume":"35","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109630","article-title":"A Hybrid Bayesian Network for Medical Device Risk Assessment and Management","volume":"241","author":"Hunte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dajour.2024.100522","article-title":"A Novel Bayesian Pay-As-You-Drive Insurance Model with Risk Prediction and Causal Mapping","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Decis. Anal. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9014","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2023.00265","article-title":"Decisions Under Uncertainty as Bayesian Inference on Choice Options","volume":"70","author":"Vieider","year":"2024","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25625","article-title":"A Bayesian Decision Support System for Optimizing Pavement Management Programs","volume":"10","author":"Philip","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2024.01.037","article-title":"Identification of the Causal Relationship between Features and Barriers of Product\u2013Service Systems Based on Bayesian Network Model","volume":"122","author":"Mitake","year":"2024","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109732","article-title":"Risk Analysis for Hazardous Chemical Vehicle-Bridge Transportation System: A Dynamic Bayesian Network Model Incorporating Vehicle Dynamics","volume":"242","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167718","article-title":"Bayesian Model Averaging by Combining Deep Learning Models to Improve Lake Water Level Prediction","volume":"906","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2024.111840","article-title":"Parallel Structural Learning of Bayesian Networks: Iterative Divide and Conquer Algorithm Based on Structural Fusion","volume":"296","author":"Laborda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Xu, W., and Futrell, R. (2024). A Hierarchical Bayesian Model for Syntactic Priming. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5613","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2024.3414291","article-title":"Temporal Dynamics and Physical Priori Multimodal Network for Rehabilitation Physical Training Evaluation","volume":"28","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574724000304","article-title":"Research and Experiment on Active Training of Lower Limb Based on Five-Bar Mechanism of Man-Machine Integration System","volume":"42","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Robotica"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s11044-024-09982-4","article-title":"Forward Dynamics Simulation of a Simplified Neuromuscular-Skeletal-Exoskeletal Model Based on the CMA-ES Optimization Algorithm: Framework and Case Studies","volume":"62","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multibody Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qazi, A., Simsekler, M.C.E., and Al-Mhdawi, M.K.S. (2024). Bayesian Network and Structural Equation Modeling of Dependencies between Country-Level Sustainability Risks and Logistics Performance. Ann. Oper. Res., 1\u201328.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-023-05723-6"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.61942\/msj.v2i2.152","article-title":"Application Of User Centered Design (Ucd) Method For Ui\/Ux Design At Husqy Petshop","volume":"2","author":"Lazuardy","year":"2024","journal-title":"MSJ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasim, W., Wibirama, S., and Nugroho, H.A. (2019, January 24\u201325). Redesign of E-Participation Using User-Centered Design Approach for Improving User Experience. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Information and Communications Technology (ICOIACT), Yogyakarta, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOIACT46704.2019.8938545"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.102882","article-title":"Ergonomics Assessment Methods Used by Ergonomics Professionals","volume":"81","author":"Lowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, T., Gao, X., Gao, R., Dai, F., and Peng, J. (2019). A Novel Activity Recognition System for Alternative Control Strategies of a Lower Limb Rehabilitation Robot. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9193986"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Ayano\u011flu, H., and Duarte, E. (2019). On the Origins and Basic Aspects of User-Centered Design and User Experience. Emotional Design in Human-Robot Interaction, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"556","article-title":"A Study of Student Creative Thinking in User-Centred Design","volume":"Volume 12779","author":"Soares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Design, User Experience, and Usability: UX Research and Design"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23130","article-title":"User-centered Design for Technology-enabled Services for Eating Disorders","volume":"52","author":"Graham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intl. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2012007500051","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Kinematic Analysis of Upper and Lower Limb Motion during Gait of Post-Stroke Patients","volume":"45","author":"Carmo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/10\/4\/230\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:12:09Z","timestamp":1760029929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/10\/4\/230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics10040230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics10040230","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2313-7673"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]}}}