{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:57:36Z","timestamp":1790377056686,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF-2018R1D1A1A02043691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1D1A1A02043691"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["HR21C1003 and RS-2024-00438448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR21C1003 and RS-2024-00438448"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology, Republic of Korea","award":["NRF-2018R1D1A1A02043691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1D1A1A02043691"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology, Republic of Korea","award":["HR21C1003 and RS-2024-00438448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR21C1003 and RS-2024-00438448"]}]},{"name":"the Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project of the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["NRF-2018R1D1A1A02043691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1D1A1A02043691"]}]},{"name":"the Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project of the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["HR21C1003 and RS-2024-00438448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR21C1003 and RS-2024-00438448"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["NRF-2018R1D1A1A02043691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1D1A1A02043691"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["HR21C1003 and RS-2024-00438448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR21C1003 and RS-2024-00438448"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tracheal reconstruction remains a formidable clinical challenge, particularly for long-segment defects that are not amenable to standard surgical resection or primary anastomosis. Tissue engineering has emerged as a promising strategy for restoring the tracheal structure and function through the integration of biomaterials, stem cells, and bioactive molecules. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in tissue-engineered tracheal grafts, particularly in scaffold design, cellular sources, fabrication technologies, and early clinical experience. Innovations in biomaterial science, three-dimensional printing, and scaffold-free fabrication approaches have broadened the prospects for patient-specific airway reconstruction. However, persistent challenges, including incomplete epithelial regeneration and mechanical instability, have hindered its clinical translation. Future efforts should focus on the design of modular biomimetic scaffolds, the enhancement of immunomodulatory strategies, and preclinical validation using robust large animal models. Sustained interdisciplinary collaboration among surgical, engineering, and biological fields is crucial for advancing tissue-engineered tracheal grafts for routine clinical applications. Within this context, biomimetic approaches, including three-dimensional bioprinting, hybrid materials, and scaffold-free constructs, are gaining prominence as strategies to replicate the trachea\u2019s native architecture and improve graft integration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10070457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T11:26:37Z","timestamp":1752233197000},"page":"457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Tissue-Engineered Tracheal Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0827-479X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se Hyun","family":"Yeou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoo Seob","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8493529","article-title":"Tissue engineering","volume":"260","author":"Langer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.10.013","article-title":"Regenerative medicine strategies","volume":"47","author":"Atala","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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