{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:18:42Z","timestamp":1791919122495,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder with motor and non-motor symptoms that are inadequately addressed by current pharmacological and surgical therapies. Brain\u2013computer interfaces (BCIs), particularly those based on electroencephalography (eBCIs), provide a promising, non-invasive approach to personalized neurorehabilitation. This narrative review explores the clinical potential of BCIs in PD, discussing signal acquisition, processing, and control paradigms. eBCIs are well-suited for PD due to their portability, safety, and real-time feedback capabilities. Emerging neurophysiological biomarkers\u2014such as beta-band synchrony, phase\u2013amplitude coupling, and altered alpha-band activity\u2014may support adaptive therapies, including adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS), as well as motor and cognitive interventions. BCIs may also aid in diagnosis and personalized treatment by detecting these cortical and subcortical patterns associated with motor and cognitive dysfunction in PD. A structured search identified 11 studies involving 64 patients with PD who used BCIs for aDBS, neurofeedback, and cognitive rehabilitation, showing improvements in motor function, cognition, and engagement. Clinical translation requires attention to electrode design and user-centered interfaces. Ethical issues, including data privacy and equitable access, remain critical challenges. As wearable technologies and artificial intelligence evolve, BCIs could shift PD care from intermittent interventions to continuous, brain-responsive therapy, potentially improving patients\u2019 quality of life and autonomy. This review highlights BCIs as a transformative tool in PD management, although more robust clinical evidence is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10080488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T11:52:47Z","timestamp":1753271567000},"page":"488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Brain\u2013Computer Interfaces in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Ortega-Robles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n en Neurociencias Cl\u00ednica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben I.","family":"Carino-Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n en Neurociencias Cl\u00ednica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Cantillo-Negrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Arias-Carri\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n en Neurociencias Cl\u00ednica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico"},{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City 14380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.113","article-title":"Brain-computer interfaces for communication and rehabilitation","volume":"12","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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