{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:55:42Z","timestamp":1780527342977,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["RS-2024-00433436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00433436"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy (MOTIE)","award":["RS-2024-00433436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00433436"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The surface treatments and various magnesium alloys are applied to improve the fast degradation rate and resulting negative effects of magnesium alloys. This study aimed to assess the effect of anodic oxidation treatment of magnesium\u2013calcium (Mg-Ca) systems by creating artificial bone defects in the tibia of rats. The cylinder magnesium implants were fabricated using a Mg-xCa (x = 0, 1, 5 wt.%) binary alloy. Degradability and new bone formation were observed at two and six weeks using micro-CT. Histomorphometric parameters were evaluated with Goldner\u2019s trichrome staining. The degradation rate decreased depending on the amount of calcium added. The parameters related to bone formation revealed an increasing pattern depending on the addition of calcium, anodic oxidation, and time. The amount of absorbed magnesium to assess degradability of magnesium implants by the histomorphometric analysis revealed a high value in the untreated group at two and six weeks. Bone healing parameters increased depending on the amount of calcium added, anodic oxidation treatment, and region of interest (ROI\u20140.5 mm, 1.00 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2.0 mm). Biodegradable magnesium systems have the potential to replace bone screws and plates. Combination with calcium combined with anodization surface treatment can improve initial corrosion resistance and promote bone formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10090583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T08:04:15Z","timestamp":1756886655000},"page":"583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Micro-CT and Histomorphometric Analysis of Degradability and New Bone Formation of Anodized Mg-Ca System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jihyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6276-7612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoona","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2227-9044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Seok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Won","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industry Support Center for Convergence Medical Devices, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7277-5639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geelsu","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2965-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwidug","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.12.020","article-title":"Electrodeposition of Ca\u2013P coatings on biodegradable Mg alloy: In vitro biomineralization behavior","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okutan, B., Schwarze, U.Y., Berger, L., Martinez, D.C., Herber, V., Suljevic, O., Plocinski, T., Swieszkowski, W., Santos, S.G., and Schindl, R. 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