{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T16:25:47Z","timestamp":1792859147283,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANID Fondecyt Regular","award":["1250102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1250102"]}]},{"name":"a bilateral project between the University of Li\u00e8ge and the Universidad de La Frontera","award":["DIE23-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DIE23-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04v0snf24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Fund for Scientific Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lattice structures produced by additive manufacturing are increasingly used in lightweight, load-bearing applications, yet their mechanical performance is strongly influenced by geometry, process parameters, and boundary conditions. This study investigates the compressive behavior of body-centered cubic (BCC) 316L stainless steel lattices fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Four relative densities (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) were achieved by varying the strut diameter, and specimens were built in both vertical and horizontal orientations. Quasi-static compression tests characterized the elastic modulus, yield strength, energy absorption, and mean force, while finite element simulations reproduced the deformation and hardening behavior. The experimental results showed a direct correlation between density and mechanical properties, with vertically built specimens performing slightly better due to reduced processing defects. Simulations quantified the effect of strut\u2013joint rounding and the need for multi-cell configurations to closely match the experimental curves. Regardless of the boundary conditions, for a density of 20%, simulating a single cell underestimated stiffness because of unconstrained strut buckling. For higher densities and thicker struts, this sensitivity to boundary conditions strongly decreased, indicating the possibility of using a single cell for shorter simulations\u2014a point rarely discussed in the literature. Both experiments and simulations confirmed Gibson\u2013Ashby scaling for elastic modulus and yield strength, while the tangent modulus was highly sensitive to boundary conditions. The combined experimental and numerical results provide a framework for the reliable modeling and design of metallic lattices for energy absorption, biomedical, and lightweight structural applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10100680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:47:08Z","timestamp":1760104028000},"page":"680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Compressive Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel Lattice Structures for Additive Manufacturing: Experimental Characterization and Numerical Modeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ignacio","family":"R\u00edos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Master Program in Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3903-5898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Duch\u00eane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department ArGEnCo-MSM, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1838-7939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Marie","family":"Habraken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department ArGEnCo-MSM, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"},{"name":"F.R.S.\u2014FNRS, Rue d\u2019Egmont 5, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4542-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"O\u00f1ate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering (DIMAT), Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070138, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5995-5926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Construction Multidisciplinary Research Group, Facultad de Arquitectura, Construcci\u00f3n y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9987-8144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Mertens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metallic Materials Science (MMS), University of Li\u00e8ge, Quartier Polytech 1 All\u00e9e de la D\u00e9couverte 13 (B52), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0009-1665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4081112, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5853-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Pincheira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, University of Talca, Camino a Los Niches Km 1, Curic\u00f3 3344158, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2808-0415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Tuninetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuninetti, V., Narayan, S., R\u00edos, I., Menacer, B., Valle, R., Al-lehaibi, M., Kaisan, M.U., Samuel, J., O\u00f1ate, A., and Pincheira, G. 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