{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T05:10:04Z","timestamp":1760245804807,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biomechanical modeling of the cornea is crucial for understanding the progression of some ocular diseases and optimizing surgical treatments. However, hyperelastic non-linear material models, such as those used for corneal tissue, often yield highly variable parameter sets in the scientific literature, influenced by factors like the chosen optimization intervals and differences between tensile and inflation test curve optimization, both of which are addressed in this study. This variability complicates the understanding of corneal mechanical properties. In this research, the aim is to optimize and calibrate the key parameters of the corneal material model, particularly focusing on c1, c2, k1 and k2, using the Holzapfel\u2013Gasser\u2013Ogden (HGO) hyperelastic model, and a novel methodology is proposed that separately estimates the isotropic and anisotropic components in a stepwise manner, addressing the issue of multiple parameter sets fitting experimental curves similarly. This approach helps to standardize corneal material models and improve the reliability of parameter estimations. Moreover, accurate biomechanical characterization within this framework contributes not only to clinical applications but also to biomimetics, inspiring the design of artificial corneal substitutes and bioengineered materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10100683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:47:08Z","timestamp":1760104028000},"page":"683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Addressing Parameter Variability in Corneal Biomechanical Models: A Stepwise Approach for Parameters\u2019 Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8009-1066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Cabrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structures, Construction and Graphical Expression, Technical University of Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain"},{"name":"Bioengineering and Applied Computational Simulation Research Group, Technical University of Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain"},{"name":"ICA, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, ISAE\u2013SUPAERO, MINES\u2013ALBI, CNRS, 3 rue Caroline Aigle, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2915-9165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmelo","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structures, Construction and Graphical Expression, Technical University of Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain"},{"name":"Bioengineering and Applied Computational Simulation Research Group, Technical University of Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5177-4490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICA, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, ISAE\u2013SUPAERO, MINES\u2013ALBI, CNRS, 3 rue Caroline Aigle, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8391-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Cavas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structures, Construction and Graphical Expression, Technical University of Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain"},{"name":"Bioengineering and Applied Computational Simulation Research Group, Technical University of Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e489","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30488-5","article-title":"The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: Vision beyond 2020","volume":"9","author":"Burton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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