{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:53:54Z","timestamp":1777424034455,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proximal humerus fractures are frequent injuries that often require internal fixation. Conventional metallic plates, however, present significant drawbacks such as corrosion, secondary removal surgeries, and adverse reactions in patients with metal hypersensitivity. This study evaluates biocomposite plates fabricated from polylactic acid (PLA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), reinforced with hydroxyapatite (HA) derived from sugar industry by-products (BCF) at 10% and 20% concentrations. These composites are compatible with both injection molding and 3D printing, enabling the design of patient-specific implants. Characterization by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and DSC confirmed that BCF incorporation enhances strength, stiffness, osteoconductivity, and biocompatibility. Mechanical testing showed that PVA\/BCF exhibited greater tensile strength and stiffness, suggesting suitability for load-bearing applications, though their water solubility restricts use in humid environments and prevents filament-based 3D printing. PLA\/BCF composites demonstrated better processability, favorable mechanical performance, and compatibility with both manufacturing routes. Finite element analysis highlighted the importance of plate\u2013humerus contact in stress distribution and fixation stability. Compared with non-biodegradable thermoplastics such as PEI and PEEK, PLA\/BCF and PVA\/BCF offer the additional advantage of controlled biodegradation, reducing the need for secondary surgeries. Cell viability assays confirmed cytocompatibility, with optimal outcomes at 10% BCF in PVA and 20% in PLA. These results position PLA\/BCF and PVA\/BCF as sustainable, patient-tailored alternatives to metallic implants, combining adequate mechanical support with bone regeneration potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10100688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:12:29Z","timestamp":1760523149000},"page":"688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biocomposite-Based Biomimetic Plate for Alternative Fixation of Proximal Humerus Fractures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6016-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Suffo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Design, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of C\u00e1diz (INiBICA), High School of Engineering, University of Cadiz; Avda. Ana de Viya, 21, 11009 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Illescas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of C\u00e1diz (INiBICA), Avda. Ana de Viya, 21, 11009 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6516-1783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Simonet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Puerto Real, 11510 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4763-9042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celia","family":"P\u00e9rez-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Avda. Ana de Viya, 21, 11009 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4871-8244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Andr\u00e9s-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of C\u00e1diz (INiBICA), Avda. Ana de Viya, 21, 11009 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziegler, P., Maier, S., Stuby, F., Histing, T., Ihle, C., St\u00f6ckle, U., and G\u00fchring, M. (2023). Clinical Outcome of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyetheretherketone Plates in Patients with Proximal Humeral Fracture: One-Year Follow-Up. J. Clin. 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