{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:34:59Z","timestamp":1787027699494,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Space Medical Experiment Project of CMSP","award":["HYZHXMH01015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HYZHXMH01015"]}]},{"name":"Space Medical Experiment Project of CMSP","award":["HYZHXM01009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HYZHXM01009"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52075249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52075249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62233008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62233008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012335","name":"National Defense Basic Scientific Research program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCKY2024205C012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCKY2024205C012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012335","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SCNU Training Program of Innovation for Undergraduates","award":["202510287041Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202510287041Y"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the advancement of crewed spaceflight, mitigating the physiological effects of microgravity, such as bone\u2013muscle deterioration and movement instability, has become increasingly vital. Inspired by reptilian climbing mechanisms, this study presents a novel bio-inspired adhesive footwear characterized by low pre-load, strong adhesion, and controllable attachment\u2013detachment capability. This study analyzes the adaptability of a multi-level variable modulus design to surfaces with varying curvatures and roughness. Experimental investigations were conducted to analyze the contact mechanics and interfacial mechanisms of biomimetic adhesive materials featuring microstructure arrays. Moreover, stepping exercises were performed by volunteers wearing the proposed footwear under simulated weightlessness to assess biomechanical performance. Interface contact stresses were measured using force-sensing array plates, enabling characterization of plantar adhesion under different detachment speeds and angles. Electromyographic signals from lower limb muscle groups during stepping exercises were analyzed to elucidate the mechanical stimulation patterns and effects induced by plantar adhesion forces. Results indicate that plantar adhesion forces ranging between 50 and 105 N effectively stimulate primary flexor muscles, including the biceps femoris and gastrocnemius. This biomimetic solution offers a flexible and convenient approach for stabilizing foot positioning and promoting musculoskeletal engagement in microgravity, improving astronauts\u2019 mobility and operational performance in orbit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10120800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T09:56:02Z","timestamp":1764323762000},"page":"800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anti-Weightlessness Physiological Protection for the Lower Limb Muscle System Based on Biomimetic Adhesive Force Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yuanming","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Devices, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhili","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Devices, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xipeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Devices, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiyue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric and Information Engineering, Electric and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1276-7466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhendong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Devices, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3036-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keju","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Devices, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-021-00158-4","article-title":"Update on the effects of microgravity on the muscular system","volume":"7","author":"Buettmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meenakshi, P., and Hargens, A.R. 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