{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T06:12:39Z","timestamp":1765260759631,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI Grant","award":["JP 22K11406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 22K11406"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the timing of foot-off and initial contact at the end of the first walking training session with a Wearable Power-Assist Locomotor (WPAL) in novice healthy users. Eight healthy volunteers with no walking experience with the WPAL participated in this study. The participants walked back and forth on a straight 5 m path for 60 min with the WPAL. We calculated the differences between the participant\u2019s foot-off and initial contact timing, as well as the start and end timing of the pre-programmed WPAL lower-limb swing time. Data were divided into four segments of 100 data points. We calculated the median of the last 100 data points and examined whether it falls within an appropriate time range. The foot-off timing tended to be within the appropriate time range (median, \u22120.44 s); however, the initial contact timing was earlier than the appropriate time range (median, \u22120.17 s). Although some participants performed foot-off within the appropriate time range, all performed initial contact earlier than the appropriate time range. These findings may contribute to establishing practice protocols for stable walking with wearable robotic exoskeletons in patients with spinal cord injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10120820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T15:30:07Z","timestamp":1765207807000},"page":"820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Step Timing Change over Time During Wearable Exoskeleton-Assisted Gait Training: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0065-1059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohito","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Fujita Health University Hospital, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5837-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soichiro","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8365-8606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koki","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeo","family":"Tanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.158","article-title":"The global map for traumatic spinal cord injury epidemiology: Update 2011, global incidence rate","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-00533-0","article-title":"A nationwide survey on the incidence and characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury in Japan in 2018","volume":"59","author":"Miyakoshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.1","article-title":"A comparison of patients\u2019 and physiotherapists\u2019 expectations about walking post spinal cord injury: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Harvey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"73","article-title":"Effect of \u201cstanding\u201d on spasticity, contracture, and osteoporosis in paralyzed males","volume":"74","author":"Kunkel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. 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