{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:48:28Z","timestamp":1790002108849,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006182","name":"FAPES","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025-NKJ57"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-NKJ57"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006182","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006182","name":"FAPES","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025-HGSTV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-HGSTV"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006182","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["402317\/2023-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402317\/2023-8"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["305367\/2024-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305367\/2024-2"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["408420\/2024-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["408420\/2024-3"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke is a leading cause of disability, often resulting in motor, cognitive, and language deficits, with significant impact on upper-limb function. Robotic therapy (RT) has emerged as an effective strategy, providing intensive, repetitive, and adaptable practice to optimize functional recovery. This pilot study aimed to describe and evaluate the effects of robotic rehabilitation as a complement to conventional therapy, using a biomimetic activities-of-daily-living (ADL)-based protocol, on upper-limb function in post-stroke patients. Three participants (aged 30\u201380 years) undergoing occupational and\/or physiotherapy received individualized robotic training with a lightweight cable-driven upper-limb exoskeleton, m-FLEX\u2122, twice a week for ten weeks (30 min per session). Movements were designed to mimic natural upper-limb actions, including elbow flexion-extension, forearm pronation-supination, tripod pinch, and functional tasks such as grasping a cup. Assessments included the Fugl-Meyer (FM) scale, the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and device satisfaction, performed at baseline, mid-intervention, and post-intervention. Descriptive analysis of the tabulated data revealed improvements in range of motion and functional outcomes. These findings suggest that biomimetic protocol of robotic rehabilitation, when combined with conventional therapy, can enhance motor and functional recovery in post-stroke patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T23:54:36Z","timestamp":1766966076000},"page":"11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Towards Biomimetic Robotic Rehabilitation: Pilot Study of an Upper-Limb Cable-Driven Exoskeleton in Post-Stroke Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Develyn I.","family":"S. Bastos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, R. Di\u00f3scoro Carneiro Filho, 1-27, Vit\u00f3ria 29047-009, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio C.","family":"M. Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, R. Di\u00f3scoro Carneiro Filho, 1-27, Vit\u00f3ria 29047-009, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo A.","family":"F. Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1164-8518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro H.","family":"F. Ulhoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphaele C. J.","family":"S. Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, R. Di\u00f3scoro Carneiro Filho, 1-27, Vit\u00f3ria 29047-009, ES, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, R. Di\u00f3scoro Carneiro Filho, 1-27, Vit\u00f3ria 29047-009, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"D. Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, R. Di\u00f3scoro Carneiro Filho, 1-27, Vit\u00f3ria 29047-009, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2839-3649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafhael M.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, R. Di\u00f3scoro Carneiro Filho, 1-27, Vit\u00f3ria 29047-009, ES, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Stroke Risk Factor Collaborators (2024). Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. 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