{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:23:13Z","timestamp":1790252593323,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Fund of the National Engineering Research Center for Highway Maintenance Technology, Changsha University of Science & Technology","award":["kf220111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kf220111"]}]},{"name":"University-level Teaching Research and Reform Project of Changsha University of Science & Technology","award":["XJG24-044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJG24-044"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smart virtual reality (VR) systems are becoming central to media production education, where immersive practice, real-time feedback, and hands-on simulation are essential. This review synthesizes the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into human-centered, interactive VR learning for television and media production. Searches in Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and SpringerLink (2013\u20132024) identified 790 records; following PRISMA screening, 94 studies met the inclusion criteria and were synthesized using a systematic scoping review approach. Across this corpus, common AI components include learner modeling, adaptive task sequencing (e.g., RL-based orchestration), affect sensing (vision, speech, and biosignals), multimodal interaction (gesture, gaze, voice, haptics), and growing use of LLM\/NLP assistants. Reported benefits span personalized learning trajectories, high-fidelity simulation of studio workflows, and more responsive feedback loops that support creative, technical, and cognitive competencies. Evaluation typically covers usability and presence, workload and affect, collaboration, and scenario-based learning outcomes, leveraging interaction logs, eye tracking, and biofeedback. Persistent challenges include latency and synchronization under multimodal sensing, data governance and privacy for biometric\/affective signals, limited transparency\/interpretability of AI feedback, and heterogeneous evaluation protocols that impede cross-system comparison. We highlight essential human-centered design principles\u2014teacher-in-the-loop orchestration, timely and explainable feedback, and ethical data governance\u2014and outline a research agenda to support standardized evaluation and scalable adoption of smart VR education in the creative industries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11010034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T10:53:50Z","timestamp":1767610430000},"page":"34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Toward Smart VR Education in Media Production: Integrating AI into Human-Centered and Interactive Learning Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0182-5226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, School of Design and Art, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China"},{"name":"Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Research Group, Faculty of Creative Technology and Heritage, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Bachok 16300, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9334-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tse Guan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Research Group, Faculty of Creative Technology and Heritage, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Bachok 16300, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5530-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6877-6783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The IBISC Laboratory, University of Evry Paris-Saclay, University of Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6432-7764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samer","family":"Alfayad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The IBISC Laboratory, University of Evry Paris-Saclay, University of Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103778","article-title":"A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: Design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda","volume":"147","author":"Radianti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. 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