{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:30:04Z","timestamp":1792081804212,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reliable and low-latency seizure detection from electroencephalography (EEG) is critical for continuous clinical monitoring and emerging wearable health technologies. Spiking neural networks (SNNs) provide an event-driven computational paradigm that is well suited to real-time signal processing, yet achieving competitive seizure detection performance with constrained model complexity remains challenging. This work introduces a hybrid spike encoding scheme that combines Delta\u2013Sigma (change-based) and stochastic rate representations, together with two spiking architectures designed for real-time EEG analysis: a compact feed-forward HybridSNN and a convolution-enhanced ConvSNN incorporating depthwise-separable convolutions and temporal self-attention. The architectures are intentionally designed to operate on short EEG segments and to balance detection performance with computational practicality for continuous inference. Experiments on the CHB\u2013MIT dataset show that the HybridSNN attains 91.8% accuracy with an F1-score of 0.834 for seizure detection, while the ConvSNN further improves detection performance to 94.7% accuracy and an F1-score of 0.893. Event-level evaluation on continuous EEG recordings yields false-alarm rates of 0.82 and 0.62 per day for the HybridSNN and ConvSNN, respectively. Both models exhibit inference latencies of approximately 1.2 ms per 0.5 s window on standard CPU hardware, supporting continuous real-time operation. These results demonstrate that hybrid spike encoding enables spiking architectures with controlled complexity to achieve seizure detection performance comparable to larger deep learning models reported in the literature, while maintaining low latency and suitability for real-time clinical and wearable EEG monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11010075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T11:39:37Z","timestamp":1768563577000},"page":"75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hybrid Spike-Encoded Spiking Neural Networks for Real-Time EEG Seizure Detection: A Comparative Benchmark"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3984-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mehrabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neethu","family":"Sreenivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0932-5306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Upul","family":"Gunawardana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2616-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano","family":"Gargiulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12550","article-title":"ILAE official report: A practical clinical definition of epilepsy","volume":"55","author":"Fisher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl241","article-title":"Seizure prediction: The long and winding road","volume":"130","author":"Mormann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98389-y","article-title":"Retraining and evaluation of machine learning and deep learning models for seizure classification from EEG data","volume":"15","author":"Guio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. 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