{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:34:13Z","timestamp":1787027653557,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Project","award":["2021C03019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C03019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To clarify how flow-channel configuration and wall spacing govern the hydrodynamic performance of an oscillating-hydrofoil biomimetic pumping device, this study conducted a systematic numerical investigation under confined-flow conditions. Using a finite-volume solver with an overset-grid technique, we compared pumping performance across three channel configurations and a range of channel\u2013wall distances. The results showed that bidirectional-channel confinement suppresses wake deflection and irregular vorticity evolution, enabling symmetric and periodic vortex organization and thereby improving pumping efficiency by approximately 33.6% relative to the single-channel case and by 62.7% relative to the no-channel condition. Wall spacing exhibited a distinctly non-monotonic influence on performance, revealing two high-performance regimes: under extreme confinement (gap ratio h\/c= 1.4), the device attains peak pumping and thrust efficiencies of 19.9% and 30.7%, respectively, associated with a strongly guided jet-like transport mode; and under moderate spacing (h\/c= 2.2\u20132.6), both efficiencies remain high due to an improved balance between directional momentum transport and reduced vortex-evolution losses. These findings identify key confinement-driven mechanisms and provide practical guidance for optimizing flow-channel design in ultralow-head oscillating-hydrofoil pumping applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11010080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:24:34Z","timestamp":1768901074000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hydrodynamic Study of Flow-Channel and Wall-Effect Characteristics in an Oscillating Hydrofoil Biomimetic Pumping Device"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ertian","family":"Hua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"665","article-title":"Simulations of a water quality improvement for urban river networks","volume":"53","author":"Jia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Tsinghua Univ. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"393","article-title":"Water environment simulation of gate pump group joint dispatching in plain river network area","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hohai Univ. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4015005","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000516","article-title":"Water quantity and quality jointoperation modeling of dams and floodgates in Huai River Basin, China","volume":"141","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Water Resour. Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.08.337","article-title":"Hydrodynamics and water quality in Chilika Lagoon-A modelling approach","volume":"116","author":"Panda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"127","article-title":"Analysis on unsteady stall flow characteristics of axial-flow pump","volume":"48","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"49","article-title":"Researches and developments of axial-flow pump system","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2017.10.013","article-title":"Numerical study on hydrodynamics for a non-sinusoidal forced oscillating hydrofoil based on an immersed boundary method","volume":"147","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111202","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4051402","article-title":"Improve of Unsteady Pressure Pulsation Based on Jet\u2013Wake Suppression for a Low Specific Centrifugal Pump","volume":"143","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ASME J. Fluids Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2025.122814","article-title":"A unique design of a hybrid wave energy converter","volume":"245","author":"Alkhabbaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluidstructs.2016.10.009","article-title":"Numerical study of the effect of motion parameters on propulsive efficiency for an oscillating airfoil","volume":"68","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Fluids Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, H., Chen, R., Zhu, Y., Shen, H., and Gao, Q. (2024). Effect of Frequency\u2013Amplitude Parameter and Aspect Ratio on Propulsion Performance of Underwater Flapping-Foil. Biomimetics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9060324"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevFluids.6.043101","article-title":"Intermittent unsteady propulsion with a combined heaving and pitching foil","volume":"6","author":"Mivehchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, P., Liu, Y., and Huang, S. (2018). Effects of Regular Waves on Propulsion Performance of Flexible Flapping Foil. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8060934"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.2514\/1.J054205","article-title":"Passive Flexibility Effect on Oscillating Foil Energy Harvester","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Q., Hua, E., and Sun, L. (2024). Study on the Hydrodynamic Performance of Swing-Type Flapping Hydrofoil Bionic Pumps Affected by Foil Camber. Water, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/w16040595"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua, E., Qiu, L., Xie, R., Su, Z., and Zhu, W. (2023). Comparative Analysis of the Hydrodynamic Performance of Dual Flapping Foils with In-Phase and Out-of-Phase Oscillations. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15183275"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115101","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0232535","article-title":"Propulsion performance of flapping hydrofoil by using discrete vortex method","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluidstructs.2021.103265","article-title":"Numerical investigation of a biomimetic elastic valve for microfluidic pumping","volume":"103","author":"Alec","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fluids Struct."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluidstructs.2024.104258","article-title":"Effect of confinement on the hydrodynamic performance of a fully-passive oscillating-foil turbine","volume":"133","author":"Mann","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Fluids Struct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.117628","article-title":"Performance and wake flow of non\/ducted-propeller in interaction with a downstream wall","volume":"304","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2025.121090","article-title":"Comparison of propeller wake characteristics with\/without a duct against a vertical wall","volume":"328","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhang, N., Tang, X., Pan, Z., and Xu, P. (2024). Numerical Simulation on Self-Propulsion Characteristics of Bionic Flexible Foil Considering Ground Wall Effect. Biomimetics, 9.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4890597"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.122387","article-title":"Effect of shroud on the energy extraction performance of oscillating foil","volume":"239","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"249","article-title":"Numerical analysis of influence of four flapping modes on propulsion performance of underwater flapping foils","volume":"35","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"93","article-title":"Analysis on influence of swinging modes of swing hydrofoil on water propulsion","volume":"41","author":"Hua","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydroelectr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2021.102559","article-title":"Numerical study to evaluate the important parameters affecting the hydrodynamic performance of manta ray\u2019s in flapping motion","volume":"109","author":"Hadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"155","article-title":"Design and Test of Flapping Hydrofoil Bionic Water Pumping Device","volume":"54","author":"Hua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2004.10.003","article-title":"Factors determining the size of suspended solids in a flow-through fish farm","volume":"33","author":"Brinker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aquac. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"632","article-title":"Hydrodynamic study of bionic propulsion for 2-D flapping foil","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. J. Hydrodyn."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.116970","article-title":"The aero-hydrodynamic interference impact on the NREL 5-MW floating wind turbine experiencing surge motion","volume":"295","author":"Alkhabbaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3901\/JME.2020.08.243","article-title":"Study on Propulsion Performance of Three-dimensional Passive Swinging Hydrofoil on Wave Glider","volume":"56","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-9746(02)00115-9","article-title":"Forces on Oscillating Foils for Propulsion and Maneuvering","volume":"17","author":"Read","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Fluids Struct."}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/11\/1\/80\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:58:08Z","timestamp":1768903088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/11\/1\/80"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics11010080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics11010080","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-7673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]}}}