{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T06:06:51Z","timestamp":1771049211135,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62233008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62233008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023A15150100773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A15150100773"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Basic Research Program of Shenzhen","award":["JCYJ20210324122812033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324122812033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wall-climbing robots are increasingly required for applications in aerospace, high-altitude operations, and complex environmental monitoring, where they must maintain reliable adhesion and continuous mobility across surfaces with rapidly changing material properties and roughness. Achieving these demands requires lightweight systems with end effectors that integrate multi-surface adaptability and load-carrying capacity. Current single adhesion mechanisms are typically effective only under specific wall conditions, making it challenging to achieve stable, continuous adhesion and detachment on surfaces with significantly different roughness. To address this limitation, we propose a flexible, multi-mechanism coupled end effector driven by a pneumatic\u2013cable hybrid system, integrating two complementary adhesion mechanisms\u2014claw-based interlocking and vacuum suction\u2014into a unified flexible structure. First, we develop the overall structural framework of the end effector and conduct finite element simulations to analyze key structural parameters of the telescopic cavity. We then establish a contact force model between the claw and vertical rough surfaces to clarify the interlocking adhesion mechanism and determine critical geometric parameters. Based on these analyses, a cable-driven adjustment mechanism is introduced to enable dynamic self-adaptation and assist with load-bearing during adhesion, enhancing the stability and load-carrying capacity under varying wall conditions. On rough surfaces, the end effector achieves reliable adhesion through claw interlocking, while on smooth surfaces, it maintains stable attachment through vacuum suction. Furthermore, it supports seamless switching between adhesion modes on different surfaces. When integrated into a wall-climbing robot, the system enables stable adhesion and detachment on both rough and smooth surfaces, providing a feasible solution for the lightweight, integrated design of end effectors for multi-surface adaptive wall-climbing robots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11020140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T14:06:16Z","timestamp":1770905176000},"page":"140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pneumatic\u2013Cable-Hybrid-Driven Multi-Mechanism End Effector and Cross-Surface Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5305-9290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center, China Unicom Internet of Things Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210006, China"},{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peiqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center, China Unicom Internet of Things Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210006, China"},{"name":"Embodied AI Innovation Center, China Unicom Digital Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center, China Unicom Internet of Things Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210006, China"},{"name":"Embodied AI Innovation Center, China Unicom Digital Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4842-3470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhouyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenzhen 518063, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.22051","article-title":"A review of soft manipulator research, applications, and opportunities","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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