{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T18:23:24Z","timestamp":1788114204842,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Project MANiBOT","award":["101120823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101120823"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper addresses the generation of time-efficient, collision-free cooperative motions for a dual-arm robotic system transporting a shared payload in constrained industrial workspaces. Trajectory generation is formulated as a constrained optimization problem and solved through bio-inspired metaheuristic search, where candidate solutions are evaluated with a safety-first cost function that first enforces feasibility by heavily penalizing collisions and then minimizes total execution time among collision-free trajectories. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), and Gazelle Optimization Algorithm (GOA) are evaluated under identical bounds and stopping conditions, showing that all three reliably discover feasible cooperative trajectories; however, clear differences emerge in feasibility discovery and final trajectory quality: PSO reaches feasibility earlier and achieves the lowest final objective value and the shortest trajectory execution time (6.825 s), followed by WOA (7.330 s) and GOA (8.525 s). Overall, this work contributes an object-centric optimization methodology for constrained dual-arm bimanipulation using bio-inspired metaheuristics, a feasibility-first cost structuring that explicitly separates safe motion discovery from time-optimal refinement, and a controlled benchmarking of PSO\/WOA\/GOA that quantifies their distinct convergence and late-stage refinement behaviors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11030173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T10:24:34Z","timestamp":1772447074000},"page":"173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Bio-Inspired\u00a0Metaheuristics for Time-Optimal Trajectory Planning in Cooperative Dual-Arm Bimanipulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6868-9371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Pe\u00f1acoba-Yag\u00fce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digitalization, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6088-9954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas-Enrique","family":"Sierra-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digitalization, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1993-8368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matilde","family":"Santos-Pe\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Knowledge Technology, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s41315-023-00292-0","article-title":"A systematic review on cooperative dual-arm manipulators: Modeling, planning, control, and vision strategies","volume":"7","author":"Abbas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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