{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:18:52Z","timestamp":1785417532181,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"deanship of scientific research at King AbdulAziz University","award":["GPIP: 1928-165-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GPIP: 1928-165-2024"]}]},{"award":["GPIP: 1928-165-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GPIP: 1928-165-2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ma4wv74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are considered functionally biomimetic as they participate in ion-exchange processes that partially resemble the behavior of natural enamel and dentin, chemically bond to dental hard tissues, and release fluoride. While GICs are designed to interact with aqueous oral environments, their exposure to dietary beverages may affect their esthetic stability and water-related behavior within the oral environment. For biomimetic restorative materials to perform successfully in the oral environment, they must maintain not only bioactive properties but also esthetic stability and resistance to water-related degradation during exposure to dietary beverages. This study evaluated beverage-induced color changes, water sorption, and water solubility of six GICs following their immersion in coffee, tea, berry juice, cola, and distilled water (n = 5 per material per solution). Color measurements were recorded at baseline and after 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks using a spectrophotometer, and color change (\u0394E) values were calculated using the CIE L*a*b* system. Specimen mass was measured at baseline, after 8 weeks of immersion and then after 4 weeks of desiccation. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Fisher\u2019s least significant difference post hoc tests (\u03b1 = 0.05). The results showed time, material, and solution significantly affected \u0394E (p &lt; 0.001). Tea produced the greatest discoloration overall, followed by coffee. ChemFil exhibited the greatest staining susceptibility, while Fuji II showed the lowest staining susceptibility. Water sorption and solubility were material- and solution-dependent. Clinically relevant discoloration of GICs was found when immersed in common beverages over time, with tea showing the strongest staining effect. These findings indicate that although GICs exhibit biomimetic characteristics through their interaction with tooth structures and aqueous environments, their long-term esthetic stability and resistance to environmental challenges should also be considered when selecting restorative materials for clinically visible areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11040249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T02:06:21Z","timestamp":1775441181000},"page":"249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Beverage-Induced Staining and Water Sorption\/Solubility of Conventional and Resin-Modified Glass-Ionomer Restoratives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5557-9350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatin A.","family":"Hasanain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rotana M.","family":"Abulaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nouf S.","family":"Almeganni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6241-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hani M.","family":"Nassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1850","article-title":"Glass-ionomer Cements in Restorative Dentistry: A Critical Appraisal","volume":"17","author":"Almuhaiza","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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Crystals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst15040329"}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/11\/4\/249\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T02:45:28Z","timestamp":1775443528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/11\/4\/249"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics11040249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics11040249","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-7673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]]}}}