{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:10:10Z","timestamp":1788185410366,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The black-winged kite algorithm (BKA) integrates the Cauchy mutation strategy and the leader selection strategy to simulate high-altitude circling exploration, fixed-point diving attack, and group cooperative migration of the black-winged kites to approximate the global optimal solution. The BKA exhibits deficiencies in ponderous convergence efficacy, inefficient calculation precision, and insufficient population diversity. To strengthen the convergence property and computational practicability, an enhanced BKA with multiple strategies (MSBKA) is advocated to accommodate global optimization and constrained engineering applications. The objective is to systematically verify its advancement and competitiveness and accurately actualize the global optimal solution. The ranking-based differential mutation can strengthen population information interaction, accelerate convergence efficiency, restrain premature convergence, diminish homogenization competition, promote exploration and exploitation, intensify elite individual guidance, downscale ineffective iterations, and materialize orderly population renewal. The simplex method can execute the local refinement operations of reflection, expansion, compression and contraction, strengthen local mining efficiency, ameliorate solution accuracy, abate parameter sensitivity, eschew local optimal traps, accelerate accurate convergence, and preserve the optimal individual potential. The elite opposition-based learning strategy can fabricate reverse solutions, expand the monolithic detection space, shorten the convergence process, elevate the quality of initial and iterative solutions, boost population diversity, guide intelligent search direction, and relieve premature convergence. The MSBKA utilizes deficiency orientation, strategy adaptation, and collaborative search to accomplish the realistic demands of high-precision, high-efficiency and strong constraint adaptation, surmount the static trade-off dilemma, endow a strong directional abscond mechanism to replace random perturbation, and actualize the inertia of directional exploration and the blind spots of solution exploitation. Twenty-three benchmark functions and six real-world engineering designs are employed to authenticate theoretical superiority and engineering practicability. The experimental results demonstrate that the MSBKA incorporates strong practicability and reliability to strengthen information interaction, restrain search stagnation, diminish convergence oscillation and fluctuation, facilitate globalized discovery and localized extraction, expedite convergence efficacy, ameliorate solution precision, and consolidate stability and robustness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11050309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:33:17Z","timestamp":1777627997000},"page":"309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An Enhanced Black-Winged Kite Algorithm with Multiple Strategies for Global Optimization and Constrained Engineering Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chengtao","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Photoelectronic Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu\u2019an 237012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinzhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Photoelectronic Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu\u2019an 237012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Photoelectronic Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu\u2019an 237012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2025.122841","article-title":"Optimization of UAV-Based Moving Target Search in Maritime Search and Rescue: An Enhanced Multi-Strategy Golden Jackal Optimization Algorithm","volume":"341","author":"Miao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2025.119429","article-title":"High-Precision Parameter Estimation of Photovoltaic Models via a Novel Adaptive Elite-Biased Backtracking Search Algorithm","volume":"258","author":"Miao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-025-05134-1","article-title":"Hannibal Barca Optimizer: The Power of the Pincer Movement for Global Optimization and Multilevel Image Thresholding","volume":"28","author":"Ouertani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clust. 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