{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:19:14Z","timestamp":1792793954807,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontal disease remains one of the leading causes of tooth loss worldwide, highlighting the need for effective regeneration of alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum. The structural complexity and unique biological behavior of these tissues have historically posed significant challenges for clinical regeneration strategies. The primary therapeutic approach used is guided bone regeneration; however, it has certain limitations, such as morbidity, low structural integrity and dimensional stability. Recent advances in 3-dimensional (3D) bioprinting have made it possible to fabricate customized scaffolds with precise architecture and spatial organization that closely mimic normal periodontal structures. The incorporation of multifunctional nanocomposite biomaterials and nanoparticles further enhances the performance of the scaffolds by increasing mechanical strength, bioactivity and controlling degradation rates. These advanced scaffolds function as dynamic microenvironments that support cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation, ultimately promoting tissue regeneration. Furthermore, their multifunctional properties allow for the controlled release of growth factors, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents, as well as the incorporation of stem cells and bioactive molecules that facilitate angiogenesis. This review investigates and critically evaluates modern approaches for the regeneration of periodontal tissues through scaffolds, biomaterials and 3D bioprinting technologies, as well as to assess their effectiveness compared to established clinical practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11060425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T08:57:58Z","timestamp":1781513878000},"page":"425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["3D-Bioprinted Multifunctional Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone\u2013Periodontal Ligament\u2013Root Cementum Regeneration: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Angeliki","family":"Tsantiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos I.","family":"Mourkiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5741-4288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector","family":"Katifelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9142-8613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xanthippi","family":"Dereka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3295-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Gazouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, 26335 Patra, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9317-9510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nefeli","family":"Lagopati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514544301","article-title":"Multiphasic scaffolds for periodontal tissue engineering","volume":"93","author":"Ivanovski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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