{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:13:50Z","timestamp":1786115630034,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202208140035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202208140035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["202208140035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202208140035"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04atp4p48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are excellent biomaterials for peri-implant bone regeneration but suffer from slow resorption. This study evaluated whether adding carbonate salts improves the in situ porosity and resorption rate of customized CPCs. Methods: The control group comprised \u03b1-tricalcium phosphate (\u03b1-TCP) and phosphoserine (3:1 weight-to-weight ratio). The test group incorporated 3 wt.% anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) into the powder. Both were hydrated with water at a liquid-to-powder ratio of 300 \u03bcL:1 g. Characterization included micro-computed tomography (\u03bcCT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR), removal torque tests, compression modulus tests, and hardness tests. Results: \u03bcCT and SEM confirmed higher porosity and uniform crystal plates in the test group compared to the dense control group. FTIR-ATR spectra showed a distinct CO2 peak at 2349 cm\u22121 for the test group, confirming gas entrapment. Mechanically, the control group significantly outperformed the test group in removal torque (71.58 \u00b1 5.56 N\/cm vs. 41.37 \u00b1 4.54 N\/cm) and compression modulus (1248.01 \u00b1 278.21 MPa vs. 195.42 \u00b1 29.55 MPa). Hardness tests showed increased brittleness in the test group (15.31 \u00b1 1.63 vs. 2.01 \u00b1 1.58). Conclusions: Incorporating Na2CO3 successfully induced in situ porosity via gas release but significantly compromised mechanical strength. Further optimization is required to balance porosity and mechanical integrity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11080551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:51:23Z","timestamp":1785772283000},"page":"551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Characterization of Water-Based Porous Calcium Phosphate Bone Cements for Peri-Implant Regeneration: An In Situ Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8129-1584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuju","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2944-5305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nima","family":"Farshidfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Sculean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mia","family":"Rakic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"162","article-title":"Role of primary stability for successful osseointegration of dental implants: Factors of influence and evaluation","volume":"5","author":"Javed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Interv. 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