{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:44:26Z","timestamp":1785851066435,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mexican Ministry of Science, Humanities, Technology and Innovation"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059ex5q34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>External breast prostheses remain the primary noninvasive alternative after mastectomy; however, most commercial designs do not adequately reproduce natural breast biomechanics, heat dissipation, and ventilation behavior during daily activities. This study presents an integrated numerical framework for the ergonomic evaluation of a biomimetic external breast prosthesis under realistic use conditions. A multilayer prosthesis\u2013torso assembly was generated through 3D digitization and modeled using nonlinear hyperelastic finite element formulations. The proposed design incorporated biomimetic lobular internal architecture and microsphere-based posterior ventilation configurations to improve load distribution and heat dissipation. Dynamic behavior was evaluated through modal, harmonic, and spectral analyses, while thermal and airflow simulations were used to assess interface temperature reduction and ventilation efficiency. The results showed physiologically acceptable dynamic displacements, without critical stress concentrations and natural frequencies outside dominant gait excitation ranges. Additionally, biomimetic ventilation configurations reduced contact temperatures by up to 6.58 \u00b0C compared with conventional commercial geometries. Overall, the proposed architecture demonstrated mechanical stability, improved thermal performance, ergonomic compatibility, and potential for personalized prosthesis design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11080554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T12:32:43Z","timestamp":1785846763000},"page":"554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Design: Ergonomic Numerical Evaluation of a Biomimetic Breast Prosthesis for Daily Use"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8780-556X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Josu\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez","family":"Rangel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Advanced Manufacturing, CIATEQ A.C., San Luis Potos\u00ed Unit, San Luis Potos\u00ed C.P. 78395, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2514-8883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha Ang\u00e9lica Cano","family":"Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIATEQ A.C., Manzana 5, Lote 1, Distrito de Educaci\u00f3n, Salud, Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (DESCTI), San Agust\u00edn Tlaxiaca C.P. 42162, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6598-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Corona","family":"Castuera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIATEQ A.C., Av. Manantiales No. 20, Parque Industrial Bernardo Quintana, El Marqu\u00e9s C.P. 76246, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Eduardo Monsiv\u00e1is","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica Multidisciplinaria Regi\u00f3n Altiplano, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed UASLP\u2013UAMRA, Carretera Cedral km, 5+600, Ejido San Jos\u00e9 de las Trojes, Matehuala C.P. 78700, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2165-4674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Cruz Del Roc\u00edo","family":"Terrones Gurrola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica Multidisciplinaria Regi\u00f3n Altiplano, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed UASLP\u2013UAMRA, Carretera Cedral km, 5+600, Ejido San Jos\u00e9 de las Trojes, Matehuala C.P. 78700, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9363-494X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Cruz","family":"Alcantar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica Multidisciplinaria Regi\u00f3n Altiplano, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed UASLP\u2013UAMRA, Carretera Cedral km, 5+600, Ejido San Jos\u00e9 de las Trojes, Matehuala C.P. 78700, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2026). Breast Cancer, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/breast-cancer."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e53644","article-title":"The present state and prospective trajectory of external breast prosthesis (EBP): A global overview","volume":"16","author":"Deshong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"76","article-title":"Satisfaction in External Breast Prostheses: A Case Study in Zacatecas, Mexico","volume":"24","author":"Baltazar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gac. Mex. DE Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira, R.A.C., Ibrahim, M.S., Araujo, L.G.S., Souza Junior, J.A., Freitas, C.S.M., and Oliveira, L.C.N. (2024). External breast prostheses after mastectomy: Production and selection of a low-cost functional model to be performed in developing countries. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1440109"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz, P., Hernandez, F.J., Zu\u00f1iga, M.L., Rodr\u00edguez, J.M., Figueroa, R., Vertiz, A., and Pineda, Z. (2018). A biomimetic approach for designing a full external breast prosthesis: Post-mastectomy. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8030357"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.21037\/abs-25-48","article-title":"Factors Impacting Decision for Reconstructive Surgery in Breast Cancer in Older Women: A Narrative Review","volume":"10","author":"Ee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann. Breast Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.5850\/JKSCT.2013.37.3.280","article-title":"A study on desirable breast type of women in their twenties based on the ratio of breast in works of art and cup design according to breast type","volume":"37","author":"Sohn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Cloth. Text."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.8701","article-title":"Anthropometric measurements of foot in undergraduate medical students of a medical college: A descriptive cross-sectional study","volume":"62","author":"Pandey","year":"2024","journal-title":"JNMA J. Nepal. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"30","article-title":"Normative data for the anthropometric hand dimensions of the Mexican population","volume":"9","author":"Vega","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Public Soc. Innov. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botti, E., Jansen, B., Ballen-Moreno, F., Kapila, A.K., and Brahimetaj, R. (2025). Evaluating the accuracy and repeatability of mobile 3D imaging applications for breast phantom reconstruction. Sensors, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/s25154596"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.10.020","article-title":"A biomechanical breast model evaluated with respect to MRI data collected in three different positions","volume":"60","author":"Carton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulk, M., Islam, K.N., and Biswas, M.H.A. (2023). Modeling and Numerical Analysis for Mechanical Characterization of Soft Tissue Mechanism Applying Inverse Finite Element Technique. Front. Appl. Math. Stat., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fams.2023.1064130"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084502","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4001893","article-title":"Measurements of the Static Friction Coefficient Between Bone and Muscle Tissues","volume":"132","author":"Shacham","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1515\/cdbme-2017-0004","article-title":"A Physically-Motivated Model Describing the Dynamic Interactions between Residual Limb and Socket in Lower Limb Prostheses","volume":"3","author":"Noll","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2013.777798","article-title":"A study of breast motion using non-linear dynamic FE analysis","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz032","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz032","article-title":"Normal body temperature: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Geneva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22969","DOI":"10.18540\/jcecvl12iss1pp22969","article-title":"Computational Fluids Dynamics Analysis of the Thermal Conditions in a Lower Limb Prosthesis Socket","volume":"12","author":"Uregbulam","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Eng. Exact. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Secretar\u00eda del Trabajo y Previsi\u00f3n Social (2008). Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-001-STPS-2008, Edificios, Locales, Instalaciones y \u00c1reas en los Centros de Trabajo\u2013Condiciones de Seguridad."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2023.103117","article-title":"Cadence (steps\/min) as an indicator of the walk-to-run transition","volume":"90","author":"Chase","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.14198\/jhse.2017.124.12","article-title":"Comparison of breast motion at different levels of support during physical activity","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Sport. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"151","article-title":"Vertical breast displacement in Asian women during exercise: Influence of bra type, size and different parts of the breast","volume":"30","author":"Sheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fibres Text. East. Eur."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01817-1","article-title":"A biomechanics dataset of healthy human walking at various speeds, step lengths and step widths","volume":"9","author":"Mundinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis de los efectos de exposici\u00f3n de vibraciones mec\u00e1nicas en el sistema nervioso y salud de un conductor de bus de transporte de pasajeros en Ecuador: Evaluaci\u00f3n de un caso","volume":"6","author":"Quishpe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ing. Cienc. Tecnol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2020.3037175","article-title":"A Novel Grip Force Measurement Concept for Tactile Stimulation Mechanisms\u2014Design, Validation, and User Study","volume":"14","author":"Bitton","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000079078.62035.EC","article-title":"Reexamination of validity and reliability of the CSA monitor in walking and running","volume":"35","author":"Brage","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploration of breast motion under different activities and intensities","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Eng. Fibers Fabr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29865","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80804-5","article-title":"City bus seat vibration analysis using 6-axis accelerometer and gyroscope sensors","volume":"14","author":"Eager","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517519881815","article-title":"Thermal and moisture control performance of different mastectomy bras and external breast prostheses","volume":"90","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Hayashi, Y.R. (2023). Improving the Consistency of External Breast Prostheses with Voxel-Based 3D Printing. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Delft University of Technology]. Available online: https:\/\/resolver.tudelft.nl\/uuid:53fc4bff-1f21-4911-bf2c-80d29904fe01."}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/11\/8\/554\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T12:54:01Z","timestamp":1785848041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/11\/8\/554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics11080554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics11080554","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-7673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}}}