{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:45:30Z","timestamp":1785930330440,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12302113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12302113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["12302113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12302113"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005315","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022J090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022J090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005315","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Graduate Student Scientific Research and Innovation Project of Ningbo University","award":["IF2026042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF2026042"]}]},{"award":["IF2026042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF2026042"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03et85d35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Octopus arms combine a compliant continuum body with distributed suckers, providing a biological reference for soft manipulators that require large deformation and stable local contact. Inspired by this functional organization, this study presents an octopus-inspired two-segment pneumatic soft manipulator with passive suction cups at the distal end. The manipulator consists of a cylindrical proximal segment, a tapered distal segment, and a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) suction-cup array. The proximal segment provides structural support and global bending, whereas the tapered distal segment improves local compliance and contact posture adjustment near the target surface. Each segment contains three independently driven pneumatic chambers arranged at 120\u00b0 intervals, enabling spatial bending through differential pressurization. The distal suction cups are not connected to an active vacuum source; instead, attachment is assisted by mechanical pressing, partial air expulsion from the cup cavity, and elastic recovery of the cup lip. Finite element simulations were conducted to examine pressure-driven bending of the soft arm and deformation of the suction cups under equivalent sealing loads. A piecewise constant curvature model was established to estimate the posture and reachable workspace of the two-segment manipulator. A prototype was fabricated and tested on a pneumatic control platform. Within the pressure range of 50\u2013200 kPa, both segments exhibited increasing bending angles with increasing input pressure; at 200 kPa, the maximum observed bending angles were approximately 70\u00b0 for the proximal segment and 87\u00b0 for the distal segment. Distal-segment tests demonstrated passive contact holding on a brown glass bottle and a black roll of electrical tape. Coordinated actuation further produced compound bending and twisting postures. These results show that the proposed design translates the functional division of octopus arms into a modular pneumatic soft manipulator with controllable spatial deformation and passive distal contact support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11080558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T10:41:42Z","timestamp":1785926502000},"page":"558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Octopus-Inspired Modular Two-Segment Pneumatic Soft Manipulator with Passive Suction Cups"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Siyu","family":"Mei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mechanics Plus Under Extreme Environments, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongtong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mechanics Plus Under Extreme Environments, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3404-217X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rensong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mechanics Plus Under Extreme Environments, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mechanics Plus Under Extreme Environments, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9588-2920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mechanics Plus Under Extreme Environments, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Piezoelectric Device Laboratory, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0024-1","article-title":"Untethered soft robotics","volume":"1","author":"Rich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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