{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:21:06Z","timestamp":1788362466867,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metaheuristics require sustained global search without sacrificing local refinement, yet many variable-structure methods change operators through one-way iteration schedules. We introduce the Weather State Ants Optimizer (WSAO), in which a discrete-time Markov chain recurrently selects one of three population updates. Sunny, cloudy, and rainy states correspond to global exploration, movement toward nests, and local refinement, respectively. An archive-based mechanism also maintains several spatially separated nests as concurrent search centers. Thirty independent runs compared WSAO with 11 algorithms on 29 CEC2017 and 12 CEC2022 functions. WSAO achieved the lowest Friedman mean rank on both suites, at 2.48 and 2.33. Across five constrained design cases, it joined the leading group by mean objective value on four cases and ranked second on pressure-vessel design. Targeted CEC2022 controls showed that no alternative transition matrix dominated the baseline. Eliminating the trial perturbation worsened every selected function, whereas the contribution of multiple nests depended on the landscape structure. The combined evidence supports recurrent state-controlled search as a competitive framework for continuous numerical and constrained optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11090626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:35:29Z","timestamp":1788359729000},"page":"626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Weather State Ants Optimizer: A Markov-Driven Variable-Structure Metaheuristic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0920-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiubo","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Pu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yongling","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.array.2022.100164","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Meta-Heuristic Algorithms in IoT-Based Applications","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Array"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2023.104970","article-title":"Optimizing Network-on-Chip Using Metaheuristic Algorithms: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"103","author":"Masdari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microprocess. 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