{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:17:07Z","timestamp":1788585427136,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fish-like biomimetic robots increasingly combine compliant structures, soft and variable-stiffness actuation, distributed sensing, and autonomous control, but cross-study comparison remains difficult because biological inspiration, robotic embodiment, test boundaries, and mission definitions are heterogeneous. We synthesize the field through a mechanism-to-evidence framework that links biological mechanisms to measurable descriptors, robotic embodiment, controlled interventions, task-oriented evidence, and conditional design principles. Across the literature, the transferable unit is not external resemblance but a functional mechanism whose advantage remains measurable after robotic integration. Three conclusions recur: dynamic performance depends on matching stiffness, actuation frequency, damping, and fluid loading within the intended operating range; morphology, sensing, control, power, and payload must be co-designed; and component, free-swimming, controlled-task, and field studies support different scopes of inference. We translate these findings into nine evidence-informed conditional design principles with explicit applicability limits and discriminating validation tests. Major gaps remain in wet-state dynamic characterization, complete reporting of power boundaries and kinematics, uncertainty and failures, matched task-level comparisons, and long-duration field validation. The resulting framework shifts evaluation from peak metrics and taxonomic labels toward task-conditioned, evidence-bounded design decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11090630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:21:21Z","timestamp":1788452481000},"page":"630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Biological Mechanisms to Task-Oriented Design Principles: A Critical Review of Fish-like Biomimetic Robots"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Shipping Engineering, Sichuan Vocational and Technical College of Communications, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0168-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Decai","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Shipping Engineering, Sichuan Vocational and Technical College of Communications, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/11\/3\/031001","article-title":"Fish-inspired robots: Design, sensing, actuation, and autonomy\u2014a review of research","volume":"11","author":"Raj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0036","DOI":"10.34133\/olar.0036","article-title":"Current status and technical challenges in the development of biomimetic robotic fish-type submersibles","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean-Land-Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2017.11.012","article-title":"Classification of biological and bioinspired aquatic systems: A review","volume":"148","author":"Salazar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17298806221103707","DOI":"10.1177\/17298806221103707","article-title":"A comprehensive review on fish-inspired robots","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2016.11.055","article-title":"BCF Swimming Locomotion for Autonomous Underwater Robots: A Review and a Novel Solution to Improve Control and Efficiency","volume":"130","author":"Scaradozzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-022-01726-w","article-title":"A Review of Locomotion, Control, and Implementation of Robot Fish","volume":"106","author":"Jian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2024.3469953","article-title":"Recent Advances in Design, Sensing, and Autonomy of Biomimetic Robotic Fish: A Review","volume":"30","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youssef, S.M., Soliman, M., Saleh, M.A., Mousa, A.A., Elsamanty, M., and Radwan, A.G. (2022). Underwater soft robotics: A review of bioinspiration in design, actuation, modeling, and control. Micromachines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13010110"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2004.831151","article-title":"Development of a biomimetic robotic fish and its control algorithm","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man. Cybern. Part B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2008.915446","article-title":"Microautonomous robotic ostraciiform (MARCO): Hydrodynamics, design, and fabrication","volume":"24","author":"Kodati","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2016.2555703","article-title":"Design and Control of an Agile Robotic Fish with Integrative Biomimetic Mechanisms","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2011.2175004","article-title":"Design and Locomotion Control of a Biomimetic Underwater Vehicle With Fin Propulsion","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254486","article-title":"Biorobotics: Using Robots to Emulate and Investigate Agile Locomotion","volume":"346","author":"Ijspeert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax4615","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aax4615","article-title":"Tuna robotics: A high-frequency experimental platform exploring the performance space of swimming fishes","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026019","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/abb86d","article-title":"Tunabot Flex: A tuna-inspired robot with body flexibility improves high-performance swimming","volume":"16","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaea1299","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aea1299","article-title":"Adaptive Multimodal Swimming Gaits in a Reconfigurable Modular Soft Robotic Fish","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1109\/48.757275","article-title":"Review of fish swimming modes for aquatic locomotion","volume":"24","author":"Sfakiotakis","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/09544062251384517","article-title":"Design Method of Bionic Mechanism Performing Body and\/or Caudal Fin (BCF) Locomotion","volume":"240","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2018.2847198","article-title":"Ostraciiform Underwater Robot With Segmented Caudal Fin","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036009","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/11\/3\/036009","article-title":"Bio-inspired flexible joints with passive feathering for robotic fish pectoral fins","volume":"11","author":"Behbahani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574719000997","article-title":"Dynamic analysis of a robotic fish propelled by flexible folding pectoral fins","volume":"38","author":"Pham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Robotica"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2018.2861985","article-title":"From Natural Complexity to Biomimetic Simplification: The Realization of Bionic Fish Inspired by the Cownose Ray","volume":"26","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4732703","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4732703","article-title":"A review of artificial lateral line in sensor fabrication and bionic applications for robot fish","volume":"2016","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics Biomech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036004","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/7\/3\/036004","article-title":"Hydrodynamic pressure sensing with an artificial lateral line in steady and unsteady flows","volume":"7","author":"Venturelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073202","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevFluids.1.073202","article-title":"Role of body stiffness in undulatory swimming: Insights from robotic and computational models","volume":"1","author":"Tytell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2016.0053","article-title":"Undulatory Swimming Performance and Body Stiffness Modulation in a Soft Robotic Fish-Inspired Physical Model","volume":"4","author":"Jusufi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soft Robot."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"125","article-title":"Large-amplitude elongated-body theory of fish locomotion","volume":"179","author":"Lighthill","year":"1971","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1006\/jfls.1993.1012","article-title":"Optimal thrust development in oscillating foils with application to fish propulsion","volume":"7","author":"Triantafyllou","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Fluids Struct."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2012.2194719","article-title":"Quantitative Thrust Efficiency of a Self-Propulsive Robotic Fish: Experimental Method and Hydrodynamic Investigation","volume":"18","author":"Wen","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A35","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2021.984","article-title":"Active tail flexion in concert with passive hydrodynamic forces improves swimming speed and efficiency","volume":"932","author":"Hang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7329","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07329","article-title":"Separability of Drag and Thrust in Undulatory Animals and Machines","volume":"4","author":"Bale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0493","article-title":"Aquatic Manoeuvering with Counter-Propagating Waves: A Novel Locomotive Strategy","volume":"8","author":"Curet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056009","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/aacd26","article-title":"Swimming Performance of a Bio-Inspired Robotic Undulating Fin","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"860","article-title":"Body Stiffness and Damping Depend Sensitively on the Timing of Muscle Activation in Lampreys","volume":"58","author":"Tytell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.11.2293","article-title":"Mechanical Control of Swimming Speed: Stiffness and Axial Wave Form in Undulating Fish Models","volume":"198","author":"McHenry","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071905","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0156923","article-title":"Effects of Body Stiffness on Propulsion during Fish Self-Propelled Swimming","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1007\/s10409-021-01110-1","article-title":"Length and Stiffness Effects of the Attached Flexible Plate on the Flow over a Traveling Wavy Foil","volume":"37","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Mech. Sin."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe4088","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abe4088","article-title":"Tunable Stiffness Enables Fast and Efficient Swimming in Fish-Like Robots","volume":"6","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5886","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2023.3300587","article-title":"Tunable Stiffness Caudal Peduncle Leads to Higher Swimming Speed without Extra Energy","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2024.0030","article-title":"Online Hydraulic Stiffness Modulation of a Soft Robotic Fish Tail for Improved Thrust and Efficiency","volume":"12","author":"Obayashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soft Robot."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2018.10.039","article-title":"Sensor placement optimization in the artificial lateral line using optimal weight analysis combining feature distance and variance evaluation","volume":"86","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-021-0034-y","article-title":"Fish lateral line inspired flow sensors and flow-aided control: A review","volume":"18","author":"Zhai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obayashi, N., Anastasiadis, A., Gumowski, J., Junge, K., Walker, K.L., Mulleners, K., and Hughes, J. (2026). ScaFi: Length-scalable, compliant, parametric robotic fish design for operation in multiple environmental niches. npj Robot.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7577054\/v1"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Y., Bao, T., Cao, Y., Wang, P., Yang, O., Lu, Y., and Cao, Y. (2022). Effects of Bionic Bone Flexibility on the Hydrodynamics of Pectoral Fins. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10070981"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Bi, S., Cai, Y., Cao, Y., and Pan, G. (2022). Design and Experimental Research on a Bionic Robot Fish with Tri-Dimensional Soft Pectoral Fins Inspired by Cownose Ray. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10040537"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3557","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574722000406","article-title":"Design and Implementation of a Swimming Robot with Pectoral Fins Only","volume":"40","author":"Naser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Robotica"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/10\/6\/065001","article-title":"Distributed flow sensing for closed-loop speed control of a flexible fish robot","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2017.2785698","article-title":"Controlling a robotic fish to swim along a wall using hydrodynamic pressure feedback","volume":"43","author":"Yen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2019.2956343","article-title":"Online state estimation of a fin-actuated underwater robot using an artificial lateral line system","volume":"36","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, H., Dong, B., Zheng, C., Li, T., Zuo, Q., Xu, Y., Fang, H., He, K., and Xie, F. (2022). Thrust Improvement of a Biomimetic Robotic Fish by Using a Deformable Caudal Fin. Biomimetics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics7030113"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, C., Ding, J., Dong, B., Lian, G., He, K., and Xie, F. (2022). How Non-Uniform Stiffness Affects the Propulsion Performance of a Biomimetic Robotic Fish. Biomimetics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics7040187"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aragaki, D., Nishimura, T., Sato, R., and Ming, A. (2023). Biomimetic Soft Underwater Robot Inspired by the Red Muscle and Tendon Structure of Fish. Biomimetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8020133"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitin, I., Korotaev, R., Ermolaev, A., Mironov, V., Lobov, S.A., and Kazantsev, V.B. (2022). Bioinspired Propulsion System for a Thunniform Robotic Fish. Biomimetics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics7040215"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21861","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26179-x","article-title":"Design and Control of Soft Biomimetic Pangasius Fish Robot Using Fin Ray Effect and Reinforcement Learning","volume":"12","author":"Youssef","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Han, Y., and Mao, S. (2021). Innovation Concept Model and Prototype Validation of Robotic Fish with a Spatial Oscillating Rigid Caudal Fin. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse9040435"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2021.110406","article-title":"Performance Analysis of Bio-Inspired Transformable Robotic Fish Tail","volume":"244","author":"Omari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.114433","article-title":"An Experimental Study of the Wire-Driven Compliant Robotic Fish","volume":"279","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026006","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/10\/2\/026006","article-title":"Mechatronic design and locomotion control of a robotic thunniform swimmer for fast cruising","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2023.3269775","article-title":"Toward swimming speed optimization of a multi-flexible robotic fish with low cost of transport","volume":"21","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.116746","article-title":"Towards Power Cost Analysis and Optimization of a Multi-Flexible Robotic Fish","volume":"294","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3986","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2025.3577985","article-title":"Rhythm-Based Power Allocation Strategy of Bionic Tail-Flapping for Propulsion Enhancement","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaar3449","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aar3449","article-title":"Exploration of underwater life with an acoustically controlled soft robotic fish","volume":"3","author":"Katzschmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Shi, Y., Cai, M., Yu, Q., Li, S., Wang, K., and Liu, C. (2023). Recent Progress on Underwater Soft Robots: Adhesion, Grabbing, Actuating, and Sensing. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1196922"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3904","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.6c00379","article-title":"Soft Actuators Based on Stimuli-Responsive Materials: From Material Design to Robotic Systems","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abs.2026.01.001","article-title":"Magnetic Soft Robots in Biomedicine: From Remote Actuation to Diagnostic-Therapeutic Integrated Systems","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Bionics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-022-00166-4","article-title":"Nonlinear modeling and analysis of a novel robot fish with compliant fluidic actuator as a tail","volume":"19","author":"Haji","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59442","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3179589","article-title":"Soft pneumatic actuators: A review of design, fabrication, modeling, sensing, control and applications","volume":"10","author":"Xavier","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40638-017-0081-3","article-title":"A Review on Robotic Fish Enabled by Ionic Polymer\u2013Metal Composite Artificial Muscles","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Robot. Biomim."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2009.2030887","article-title":"Free-Locomotion of Underwater Vehicles Actuated by Ionic Polymer Metal Composites","volume":"15","author":"Aureli","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056009","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/aad0ae","article-title":"Design and Assessment of a Flexible Fish Robot Actuated by Shape Memory Alloys","volume":"13","author":"Coral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166906","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2953546","article-title":"A Biomimetic Flexible Fishtail Embedded with Shape Memory Alloy Wires","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2017.0062","article-title":"Soft Biomimetic Fish Robot Made of Dielectric Elastomer Actuators","volume":"5","author":"Shintake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soft Robot."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2021.103733","article-title":"Fast-Moving Piezoelectric Micro-Robotic Fish with Double Caudal Fins","volume":"140","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046024","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ac011e","article-title":"Trout-like Multifunctional Piezoelectric Robotic Fish and Energy Harvester","volume":"16","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000244","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202000244","article-title":"Modeling and Control of a Soft Robotic Fish with Integrated Soft Sensing","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Lee, J.H., Wu, T., Sue, G.N., Liao, J., Erickson, Z., Manchester, Z., and Majidi, C. (2026). Programmable Online Stiffness Modulation for Optimized Aquatic Locomotion. npj Robot.","DOI":"10.1038\/s44182-026-00099-8"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2023.0204","article-title":"A Fast Online Elastic-Spine-Based Stiffness Adjusting Mechanism for Fishlike Swimming","volume":"11","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soft Robot."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.118047","article-title":"Development of Novel Fish-Inspired Robot with Variable Stiffness","volume":"305","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2025.121063","article-title":"A High-Frequency Oscillating Tensegrity Robotic Fish with Wide-Ranging Online Body Stiffness Adjustability","volume":"328","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2024.102239","article-title":"Hopping Potential Wells and Gait Switching in a Fish-Like Robot with a Bistable Tail","volume":"72","author":"Chivkula","year":"2024","journal-title":"Extrem. Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chao, X., Hameed, I., Navarro-Alarcon, D., and Jing, X. (2024). A Controllable Nonlinear Bistable Fishtail Boosting Robotic Swimmer with Excellent Maneuverability and High Energy Efficiency. Soft Robot.","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2024.0038"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6800","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2025.3572773","article-title":"A Swimming Rigid-Soft Coupled Robot Using Tensegrity Principle with Adjustable Bistable Characteristics","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koiri, M.K., Dubey, V., Sharma, A.K., and Chuchala, D. (2024). Design of a Shape-Memory-Alloy-Based Carangiform Robotic Fishtail with Improved Forward Thrust. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020544"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2024.111366","article-title":"Dynamic Modeling of a Soft Robotic Fish Driven by Dielectric Elastomer Based on the ANCF and IB-LBM","volume":"213","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2025.113970","article-title":"Modeling and Analysis of Underwater Oscillation of a Flexible Biomimetic Caudal Fin Driven by MFC Based on ANCF","volume":"218","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2024.3502203","article-title":"Deformation Control and Thrust Analysis of a Flexible Fishtail with Muscle-Like Actuation","volume":"41","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-023-00390-6","article-title":"A Soft Robotic Fish Actuated by Artificial Muscle Modules (SoRoFAAM-1)","volume":"20","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Chen, D., Zhang, X., Wang, Q., Yu, J., Wang, S., Guo, J., Fu, H., Chen, R., and Lookman, T. (2026). High temperature Nb-Si alloys using data science: Optimization of fracture toughness and high-temperature strength. Nat. Commun.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-75353-6"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2008.08.013","article-title":"Biological Inspirations, Kinematics Modeling, Mechanism Design and Experiments on an Undulating Robotic Fin Inspired by Gymnarchus niloticus","volume":"44","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mech. Mach. Theory"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.048017","article-title":"The Effect of Fin Ray Flexural Rigidity on the Propulsive Forces Generated by a Biorobotic Fish Pectoral Fin","volume":"213","author":"Tangorra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4983","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2022.3189093","article-title":"Locomotion Optimization of a Tendon-Driven Robotic Fish with Variable Passive Tail Fin","volume":"70","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2021.3049430","article-title":"Body Stiffness Variation of a Tensegrity Robotic Fish Using Antagonistic Stiffness in a Kinematically Singular Configuration","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.115551","article-title":"Hydraulic Variable Stiffness Mechanism for Swimming Locomotion Optimization of Soft Robotic Fish","volume":"286","author":"Ju","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300748","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300748","article-title":"Does Bistability Improve Swimming Performance in Robotic Fish?","volume":"6","author":"Bambrick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadq4222","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adq4222","article-title":"Spontaneous Snapping-Induced Jet Flows for Fast, Maneuverable Surface and Underwater Soft Flapping Swimmer","volume":"10","author":"Qing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400189","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202400189","article-title":"A Novel Variable-Stiffness Tail Based on Layer-Jamming for Robotic Fish","volume":"6","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2025.3562878","article-title":"Design and Modeling of a Robotic Fish with Modular Adaptive Variable Stiffness Passive Joint","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.119780","article-title":"A Variable Stiffness Fishlike Propeller with Compressible Flexible Bionic Spine","volume":"316","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2024.3401111","article-title":"Design and Control of an Untethered Robotic Tuna Based on a Hydraulic Soft Actuator","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2025.3526087","article-title":"Design, Modeling, and Optimization of Hydraulically Powered Double-Joint Soft Robotic Fish","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2020.107314","article-title":"Finite-Time Tracking Control for a Variable Stiffness Pneumatic Soft Bionic Caudal Fin","volume":"152","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.114203","article-title":"Research on Flexible Collapsible Fluid-Driven Bionic Robotic Fish","volume":"276","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1039\/D0MH01788D","article-title":"Robotic Soft Swim Bladder Using Liquid\u2013Vapor Phase Transition","volume":"8","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s44182-025-00052-1","article-title":"Bio-Inspired Rigid\u2013Flexible Coupled Skin\u2013Scales System for Enhanced Protection in Soft Robotic Fish","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Robot."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3910","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2024.3372443","article-title":"A Fish-Like Underwater Miniature Robot Capable of High-Speed and Controllable Locomotion","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Z.J., Wang, Z., Lu, J.Q., Ma, G.Q., and Zhang, P.F. (2019). Underwater robot detection system based on fish\u2019s lateral line. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8050566"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Li, D., Mo, D., Cui, Z., Li, X., Lian, H., and Gong, M. (2023). Three-Dimensional Printed Biomimetic Robotic Fish for Dynamic Monitoring of Water Quality in Aquaculture. Micromachines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14081578"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butail, S., Bartolini, T., and Porfiri, M. (2013). Collective Response of Zebrafish Shoals to a Free-Swimming Robotic Fish. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076123"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papaspyros, V., Bonnet, F., Collignon, B., and Mondada, F. (2019). Bidirectional Interactions Facilitate the Integration of a Robot into a Shoal of Zebrafish Danio rerio. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220559"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, B., Li, W., Wang, Z., Zhu, Y., He, Q., Guan, X., Dai, G., Yuan, D., Li, A., and Cui, W. (2022). Recent Progress in Modeling and Control of Bio-Inspired Fish Robots. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10060773"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/10\/2\/025002","article-title":"Distributed flow estimation and closed-loop control of an underwater vehicle with a multi-modal artificial lateral line","volume":"10","author":"DeVries","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20120671","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2012.0671","article-title":"Flow-relative control of an underwater robot","volume":"469","author":"Kruusmaa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/20464177.2019.1638703","article-title":"Locomotion Control of a Biomimetic Robotic Fish Based on Closed Loop Sensory Feedback CPG Model","volume":"20","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mar. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-022-01644-x","article-title":"Bionic Fish Trajectory Tracking Based on a CPG and Model Predictive Control","volume":"105","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wang, J., Yu, L., Kong, S., and Yu, J. (2024). Toward the Intelligent, Safe Exploration of a Biomimetic Underwater Robot: Modeling, Planning, and Control. Biomimetics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9030126"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2025.121667","article-title":"A Reinforcement Learning-Based Control Approach with Lightweight Feature for Robotic Fish Heading Control in Complex Environments: Real-World Training","volume":"335","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2025.124069","article-title":"A Data-Driven Dynamic Modeling of Fish-Like Robot Enabled by Artificial Neural Network","volume":"348","author":"Zhong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056024","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ad7181","article-title":"Fish-Inspired Tracking of Underwater Turbulent Plumes","volume":"19","author":"Gunnarson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2023.3346813","article-title":"Autonomous Recovery Control of Biomimetic Robotic Fish Based on Multi-Sensory System","volume":"9","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6181","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3351603","article-title":"Route Estimation toward Autonomous Swimming of Robotic Fish","volume":"12","author":"Tomi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10442","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2025.3599014","article-title":"Vision-Based Obstacle Avoidance and Formation Control for Underwater Robotic Fish","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8290","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2025.3528507","article-title":"Decentralized Multirobotic Fish Pursuit Control with Attraction-Enhanced Reinforcement Learning","volume":"72","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinh, N., Vosbein, D., Wang, Y., and Cui, Q. (2026). Reinforcement Learning-Enabled Control and Design of Rigid-Link Robotic Fish: A Comprehensive Review. Sensors, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/s26030996"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2026.107129","article-title":"Optical Sensor-Enabled Automated Visual Inspection of Underwater Critical Infrastructure","volume":"190","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2025.106102","article-title":"Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Underwater Vision-Based Micro-Crack Inspection for Concrete Dams Using a Customizable CNN Framework","volume":"173","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-99316-x","article-title":"Effects of Boundaries for High Reynolds Number Artificial Swimmers","volume":"15","author":"Boudet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2008.03.014","article-title":"Central Pattern Generators for Locomotion Control in Animals and Robots: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Ijspeert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2015.2459913","article-title":"CPG Network Optimization for a Biomimetic Robotic Fish via PSO","volume":"27","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2019.106334","article-title":"CPG-Based Autonomous Swimming Control for Multi-Tasks of a Biomimetic Robotic Fish","volume":"189","author":"Bal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224871","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3045227","article-title":"Research on Motion Mode Switching Method Based on CPG Network Reconstruction","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2017.2683524","article-title":"Autonomous Optimization of Swimming Gait in a Fish Robot with Multiple Onboard Sensors","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man. Cybern. Syst."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5632","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2564338","article-title":"Data-Driven Dynamic Modeling for a Swimming Robotic Fish","volume":"63","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2022.111659","article-title":"Bionic Fish Tail Design and Trajectory Tracking Control","volume":"257","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36399-4","article-title":"Physics-Informed Reinforcement Learning for Motion Control of a Fish-Like Swimming Robot","volume":"13","author":"Rodwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0299","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0299","article-title":"Learning-Based Discontinuous Path Following Control for a Biomimetic Underwater Vehicle","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb244983","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.244983","article-title":"Reconstructing the Pressure Field around Swimming Fish Using a Physics-Informed Neural Network","volume":"226","author":"Calicchia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0084","article-title":"Fish and robots swimming together: Attraction towards the robot demands biomimetic locomotion","volume":"9","author":"Marras","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polverino, G., Phamduy, P., and Porfiri, M. (2013). Fish and Robots Swimming Together in a Water Tunnel: Robot Color and Tail-Beat Frequency Influence Fish Behavior. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077589"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056020","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/11\/5\/056020","article-title":"Collective Responses of a Large Mackerel School Depend on the Size and Speed of a Robotic Fish but Not on Tail Motion","volume":"11","author":"Kruusmaa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-72478-6","article-title":"Swimming with Robots: Investigating Fish Locomotion, Sensing, and Schooling Behavior with Robotic Swimmers","volume":"17","author":"Ijspeert","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2026.124917","article-title":"UJIFISH-I: A Modular and Bioinspired Robotic Fish for Inspection, Hybrid Teleoperation and Sensor Deployment in Aquaculture","volume":"354","author":"Pino","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41074-9","article-title":"Identification of the Trade-Off between Speed and Efficiency in Undulatory Swimming Using a Bio-Inspired Robot","volume":"13","author":"Anastasiadis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90926-9","article-title":"Cartilage Structure Increases Swimming Efficiency of Underwater Robots","volume":"11","author":"Yurugi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, Y., Wang, M., Zhao, Q., Wang, R., Zuo, L., Zheng, X., and Gao, H. (2024). Investigating the Influence of Counterflow Regions on the Hydrodynamic Performance of Biomimetic Robotic Fish. Biomimetics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9080452"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Jin, G., Cao, J., Zhou, L., and Jiang, H. (2024). Design and Experimental Study of a Robotic Tuna with Shell-Like Tensegrity Joints. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse12112105"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113122","article-title":"Reliability of Wireless Sensor Networks with Probabilistic Functional Dependence: A Lifetime-Based Approach","volume":"277","author":"Da","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.22352","article-title":"Water Entry Locomotion Strategy for a Stranding Bionic Robotic Fish","volume":"41","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Field Robot."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2022.3142409","article-title":"Performance Improvement of a High-Speed Swimming Robot for Fish-like Leaping","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100271","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202100271","article-title":"Bioinspired Soft Robotic Fish for Wireless Underwater Control of Gliding Locomotion","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/11\/9\/630\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:48:24Z","timestamp":1788583704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/11\/9\/630"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics11090630"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics11090630","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-7673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]}}}