{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T05:13:29Z","timestamp":1788671609109,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002569","name":"Wonkwang University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006776986","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postsurgical adhesions are common complications of abdominal and pelvic surgeries, often leading to bowel obstruction, chronic pain, and increased risks during reoperation. Although various physical barrier materials have been developed to prevent postsurgical adhesions, retaining anti-adhesive materials at surgical sites is challenging. In this study, we developed thermosensitive injectable gallic acid-conjugated hyaluronic acid (HA-GA) and Pluronic F127 (PluF) composite hydrogels to retain anti-adhesive materials and prevent postsurgical adhesion. The incorporation of HA-GA reduced the critical gelation concentration of PluF from approximately 18 to 12 wt% and decreased the gelation temperature from 28.5 \u00b0C for PluF to 25.6 \u00b0C for HA-GA (2 wt%)\/PluF hydrogels with the left-shift in sol\u2013gel curves. The G\u2032 values increased from 10.1 \u00b1 1.7 kPa for PluF to 24.8 \u00b1 3.6 kPa for HA-GA (2 wt%)\/PluF hydrogels at 37 \u00b0C. In addition, the HA-GA\/PluF hydrogels exhibited enhanced mass retention as a function of time compared to PluF hydrogels alone. HA-GA (2 wt%)\/PluF hydrogels retained 33.4 \u00b1 3.5% of their initial mass after 7 d, whereas PluF was completely eroded within 3 d. The anti-adhesion efficacy of the HA-GA\/PluF hydrogels was evaluated using a rat cecum abrasion model. Notably, the HA-GA (2 wt%)\/PluF hydrogels showed reduced adhesion scores, with an adhesion extent score of 0.67 and 2.33 on postoperative day 7 and 21, respectively, compared with the untreated control group (3 and 3 on postoperative day 7 and 21). In addition, the adhesion severity scores of HA-GA (2 wt%)\/PluF hydrogel groups were 0.33 and 1.33 on postoperative day 7 and 21, respectively, compared with the untreated control groups (1.67 and 2.33 on postoperative day 7 and 21). Therefore, HA-GA\/PluF hydrogels provide reversible thermosensitive properties with enhanced stability and retention, supporting their potential as injectable physical barriers for postoperative adhesion prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11090632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:10:53Z","timestamp":1788534653000},"page":"632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioinspired Injectable Thermosensitive Gallic Acid-Conjugated Hyaluronic Acid\/Pluronic Hydrogels to Prevent Postoperative Adhesion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jeong Yun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Graduate School of JABA, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hyun Ho","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Graduate School of JABA, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Seongyeon","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Center, SCL Science Inc., Seoul 07282, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6891-238X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Da Han","family":"Hyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Convergence Materials Analysis Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0279-7477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Hyun","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Graduate School of JABA, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Smart Convergence Materials Analysis Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv021","article-title":"Predisposing factors to post-operative adhesion development","volume":"21","author":"Fortin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.7657","article-title":"Pathogenesis of postoperative adhesion formation","volume":"98","author":"Hellebrekers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.029","article-title":"Reduction of postoperative adhesion development","volume":"106","author":"Diamond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatehi Hassanabad, A., Zarzycki, A.N., Jeon, K., Deniset, J.F., and Fedak, P.W. (2021). Post-operative adhesions: A comprehensive review of mechanisms. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9080867"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/7.6.567","article-title":"Clinical implications of postsurgical adhesions","volume":"7","author":"Diamond","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2007.01342.x","article-title":"Adhesions and colorectal surgery\u2014Call for action","volume":"9","author":"Parker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatehi Hassanabad, A., Zarzycki, A.N., Jeon, K., Dundas, J.A., Vasanthan, V., Deniset, J.F., and Fedak, P.W. (2021). Prevention of post-operative adhesions: A comprehensive review of present and emerging strategies. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11071027"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, H., Baek, S., Kang, H., and Lee, D. (2020). Biomaterials to prevent post-operative adhesion. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13143056"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-025-06436-1","article-title":"Anti-adhesive agents in tendon repair: Mechanisms, preclinical evidence, clinical challenges, and future perspectives\u2014A narrative review","volume":"20","author":"Kadkhodaei","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061124","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0275331","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of hyaluronic acid-based fixable materials for prevention of postsurgical adhesion","volume":"13","author":"Shin","year":"2025","journal-title":"APL Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"100911","article-title":"Recent advances on thermosensitive hydrogels-mediated precision therapy","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2004.03.019","article-title":"In situ-forming hydrogels\u2014Review of temperature-sensitive systems","volume":"58","author":"Leroux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, R., Cheng, Y., Wang, R., Zhang, T., Zhang, H., Li, J., Song, S., and Zheng, A. (2022). Thermosensitive hydrogels and advances in their application in disease therapy. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14122379"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SM01505A","article-title":"LCST polymers with UCST behavior","volume":"17","author":"Najafi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.10.040","article-title":"Versatile UCST-based thermoresponsive hydrogels for loco-regional sustained drug delivery","volume":"174","author":"Boustta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1021\/la304836e","article-title":"Encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs in Pluronic F127 micelles: Effects of drug hydrophobicity, solution temperature, and pH","volume":"29","author":"Basak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6747","DOI":"10.1021\/nn101617n","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of thermally responsive Pluronic F127-chitosan nanocapsules for controlled release and intracellular delivery of small molecules","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.11.018","article-title":"Release kinetics of hydrophobic and hydrophilic model drugs from Pluronic F127\/poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles","volume":"103","author":"Xiong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Qiu, H., Yin, S., Wang, H., and Li, Y. (2021). Polymeric drug delivery system based on Pluronics for cancer treatment. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26123610"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.04.028","article-title":"Poloxamer: A versatile tri-block copolymer for biomedical applications","volume":"110","author":"Zarrintaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youn, J., Choi, J.H., Lee, S., Lee, S.W., Moon, B.K., Song, J.E., and Khang, G. (2021). Pluronic F-127\/silk fibroin for enhanced mechanical property and sustained release drug for tissue engineering biomaterial. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14051287"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, T., Chen, Y., Li, N., Liao, X., Heng, Y., Guo, Y., and Hu, K. (2025). A comprehensive review of thermosensitive hydrogels: Mechanism, optimization strategies, and applications. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11070544"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"e55","article-title":"Recent progress in thermosensitive hydrogels and their applications in drug delivery area","volume":"2","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm\u2013Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.064","article-title":"The enhanced anti-tissue adhesive effect of injectable pluronic-HA hydrogel by poly(\u03b3-glutamic acid)","volume":"93","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1039\/b919944f","article-title":"Thermo-sensitive, injectable, and tissue adhesive sol-gel transition hyaluronic acid\/pluronic composite hydrogels prepared from bio-inspired catechol-thiol reaction","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaliq, N.U., Lee, J., Kim, S., Sung, D., and Kim, H. (2023). Pluronic F-68 and F-127 based nanomedicines for advancing combination cancer therapy. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15082102"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Lee, C., and Ryu, J.H. (2021). Adhesive catechol-conjugated hyaluronic acid for biomedical applications: A mini review. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11010021"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8211","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.7b02267","article-title":"Gallol-rich hyaluronic acid hydrogels: Shear-thinning, protein accumulation against concentration gradients, and degradation-resistant properties","volume":"29","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33972","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c02961","article-title":"pH-responsive gallol-functionalized hyaluronic acid-based tissue adhesive hydrogels for injection and three-dimensional bioprinting","volume":"15","author":"Jongprasitkul","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.01.048","article-title":"Interpenetrating gallol-functionalized tissue adhesive hyaluronic acid hydrogel polarizes macrophages to an immunosuppressive phenotype","volume":"142","author":"Samanta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)01677-0","article-title":"Evaluation of the SprayGel\u2122 adhesion barrier in the rat cecum abrasion and rabbit uterine horn adhesion models","volume":"75","author":"Dunn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenz, E.P.M., Z\u00fchlke, H.V., Lange, R., and Savvas, V. (1997). Pathophysiology and classification of adhesions. Peritoneal Adhesions, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-60433-1_4"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"137","article-title":"Adhesions and anti-adhesion systems highlights","volume":"11","author":"Campo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Facts Views Vis. Obgyn."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Z., Xue, B., Xu, C., and Dong, X. (2023). Mussel-inspired calcium alginate\/polyacrylamide dual network hydrogel: A physical barrier to prevent postoperative re-adhesion. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202311.0300.v1"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-007-3590-9","article-title":"Role of fibrin glue in the prevention of peritoneal adhesions in ventral hernia repair","volume":"38","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg. Today"}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/11\/9\/632\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T04:25:19Z","timestamp":1788668719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/11\/9\/632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics11090632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics11090632","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-7673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]}}}