{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:06:02Z","timestamp":1789103162851,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Korean government","award":["RS-2021-NR060107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-NR060107"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Korean government","award":["RS-2026-25490730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25490730"]}]},{"award":["RS-2021-NR060107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-NR060107"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2026-25490730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25490730"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011705","name":"Korea Institute of Marine Science & Technology Promotion","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011705","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04cqyfy93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003566","name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2026-25541458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25541458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003566","name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2026-25508103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25508103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["RS-2026-25541458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25541458"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00c5s4a53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2026-25508103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25508103"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00c5s4a53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korea University Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review systematically elucidates the rapidly evolving field of biomimetic coacervate coatings, bridging the fundamental thermodynamic principles of liquid\u2013liquid phase separation (LLPS) with advanced biomedical translations. While conventional surface modifications for medical implants frequently fail to maintain structural and functional integrity within dynamic, wet physiological environments, biomimetic coacervation inspired by natural underwater adhesive mechanisms offers a highly versatile, conformable, and robust interfacial strategy. Here, we analyze the critical physicochemical driving forces governing coacervate formation, emphasizing the synergistic interplay of electrostatic, hydrophobic, hydrogen-bonding, and cation\u2013\u03c0 interactions. We comprehensively discuss diverse macromolecular design principles utilizing marine-derived biopolymers, synthetic or recombinant polypeptides, and hybrid organic\u2013inorganic condensates, alongside key architectural orchestration methodologies including direct deposition, in situ triggerable coacervation, and layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Furthermore, we evaluate multi-functional clinical translations, highlighting breakthroughs in wet tissue sealing, bone repair, localized stimuli-responsive drug or nucleic acid delivery, anti-biofouling medical device coatings, and regenerative cell\u2013material interfaces. Ultimately, this review underscores the profound potential of biomimetic coacervates as a cornerstone platform for next-generation multifunctional medical devices and personalized regenerative medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11090647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:24:02Z","timestamp":1788945842000},"page":"647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomimetic Coacervate Coatings: From Phase Separation Fundamentals to Advanced Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7748-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki Ha","family":"Min","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Rang","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong Won","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyu Ho","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Pil","family":"Pack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-022-00362-y","article-title":"Additive manufacturing in biomedical field: A critical review on fabrication method, materials used, applications, challenges, and future prospects","volume":"8","author":"Wazeer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2026.102940","article-title":"Multifunctional implantable hydrogels: Smart platforms at the forefront of biomedical innovation","volume":"37","author":"Nagay","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangadhar, L., and Subburaj, S. (2025). Nanotechnology advances for biomedical applications. Front. Nanotechnol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2025.1639506"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thang, N.H., Chien, T.B., and Cuong, D.X. (2023). Polymer-Based Hydrogels Applied in Drug Delivery: An Overview. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9070523"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"306","article-title":"Biocompatibility pathways and mechanisms for bioactive materials: The bioactivity zone","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"lnad027","DOI":"10.1093\/lifemedi\/lnad027","article-title":"Engineered biomaterials in stem cell-based regenerative medicine","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414724","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202414724","article-title":"Engineering the Immune Response to Biomaterials","volume":"12","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pillai, R.R., and Mohan, L. (2025). Plasma Surface Modification of Biomedical Implants and Devices: Emphasis on Orthopedic, Dental, and Cardiovascular Applications. Prosthesis, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis7060143"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37976","article-title":"Precise surface engineering: Leveraging chemical vapor deposition for enhanced biocompatibility and durability in biomedical implants","volume":"10","author":"Saba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562981","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S562981","article-title":"Protection of Hygroscopic Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Active Ingredients via Film Coating Technologies: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Pitriani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtadv.2022.100292","article-title":"Controlling the asymmetry of densified and porous hybrid coatings based on vapor sublimation and deposition","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Adv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nwaf247","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaf247","article-title":"Deposition of uniform films on complex 3D objects by atomic layer deposition for plasma etch-resistant coatings","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2025.109147","article-title":"Enhanced anticorrosion of waterborne epoxy coatings by electrochemical exfoliated graphene oxide","volume":"202","author":"Hao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jose, S.A., Lapierre, Z., Williams, T., Hope, C., Jardin, T., Rodriguez, R., and Menezes, P.L. (2025). Wear- and Corrosion-Resistant Coatings for Extreme Environments: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Coatings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings15080878"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Min, K.H., Kim, D.H., and Pack, S.P. (2024). Size Control of Biomimetic Curved-Edge Vaterite with Chiral Toroid Morphology via Sonochemical Synthesis. Biomimetics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9030174"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2025.05.052","article-title":"Porous and hydrophilic biosilica diatomite-embedded foam dressing: Advancing wound healing through enhanced absorption","volume":"153","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelhamid, M.A.A., Ki, M.-R., and Pack, S.P. (2024). Biominerals and Bioinspired Materials in Biosensing: Recent Advancements and Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094678"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.H., Ki, M.-R., Han, Y., and Pack, S.P. (2024). Biomineral-Based Composite Materials in Regenerative Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116147"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Min, K.H., Kim, D.H., Kim, K.H., Seo, J.-H., and Pack, S.P. (2024). Biomimetic Scaffolds of Calcium-Based Materials for Bone Regeneration. Biomimetics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9090511"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youn, S., Ki, M.-R., Abdelhamid, M.A.A., and Pack, S.-P. (2024). Biomimetic Materials for Skin Tissue Regeneration and Electronic Skin. Biomimetics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9050278"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Min, K.H., Kim, D.H., Youn, S., and Pack, S.P. (2024). Biomimetic Diatom Biosilica and Its Potential for Biomedical Applications and Prospects: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042023"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2026.112104","article-title":"Biomimetic architectures for interfacial adhesion enhancement and friction regulation of AlCrN coatings","volume":"222","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.150986","article-title":"Biomimetic anti-fouling interface engineering based on thorn-vine-like structure for electrochemical sensing","volume":"488","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youn, S., Ki, M.-R., Min, K.H., Abdelhamid, M.A.A., and Pack, S.P. (2024). Antimicrobial and Hemostatic Diatom Biosilica Composite Sponge. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13080714"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02387-2","article-title":"Bio-inspired reversible underwater adhesive","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.4c01506","article-title":"Junctional Role of Anionic Domain of Mussel Foot Protein Type 4 in Underwater Mussel Adhesion","volume":"26","author":"Yoon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Song, J., Zeng, L., and Hu, B. (2024). An Overview on the Adhesion Mechanisms of Typical Aquatic Organisms and the Applications of Biomimetic Adhesives in Aquatic Environments. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147994"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704640","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201704640","article-title":"Bioinspired Underwater Adhesives by Using the Supramolecular Toolbox","volume":"30","author":"Hofman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48239","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c13744","article-title":"Coacervate-Based Instant and Repeatable Underwater Adhesive with Anticancer and Antibacterial Properties","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.04.150","article-title":"Designing Bio-Inspired Wet Adhesives through Tunable Molecular Interactions","volume":"645","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"100206","article-title":"Adhesive Hydrogels for Tissue Repair: Underlying Mechanisms and Strategic Design","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Rev. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308538","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202308538","article-title":"Bioinspired Injectable Polyurethane Underwater Adhesive with Fast Bonding and Hemostatic Properties","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2024.102282","article-title":"Shape-adaptive underwater adhesive based on supramolecular assembly for robustly integrated underwater wireless sensing\/communication and bioelectronic adhesion","volume":"56","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41513","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c09726","article-title":"Coacervate-Based Delivery Systems: Bridging Fundamentals and Applications","volume":"17","author":"Souri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4944","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.5c01267","article-title":"Coacervate-Based Materials: Fabrication, Structure, and Applications","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5414","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.3c03830","article-title":"Complex Coacervate-Based Materials for Biomedicine: Recent Advancements and Future Prospects","volume":"63","author":"Roy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.H., Ki, M.-R., Chung, D.Y., and Pack, S.P. (2025). Biomolecule-Based Coacervation: Mechanisms, Applications, and Future Perspectives in Biomedical and Biotechnological Fields. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15060861"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4387","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00439","article-title":"Complex Coacervates as a Promising Vehicle for mRNA Delivery: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances and Challenges","volume":"20","author":"Forenzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.144","article-title":"Complex coacervation: Principles, mechanisms and applications in microencapsulation","volume":"121","author":"Timilsena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"244","article-title":"Smart coacervate microdroplets: Biomimetic design, material innovations, and emerging applications in biomacromolecule delivery","volume":"52","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402340","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202402340","article-title":"Sticky Science: Using Complex Coacervate Adhesives for Biomedical Applications","volume":"14","author":"Kwant","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-024-01168-5","article-title":"Self-assembly of stabilized droplets from liquid-liquid phase separation for higher-order structures and functions","volume":"7","author":"Naz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.5c00592","article-title":"Biomimetic Approach to the Formation of Protein Materials via Complex Coacervation of Engineered Polypeptides","volume":"15","author":"Fisher","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12576","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c01326","article-title":"Plant Cell-Inspired Membranization of Coacervate Protocells with a Structured Polysaccharide Layer","volume":"145","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.01.193","article-title":"Tuning the underwater adhesiveness of antibacterial polysaccharides complex coacervates","volume":"661","author":"Galland","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127069","article-title":"Facile biomimetic self-coacervation of tannic acid and polycation: Tough and wide pH range of underwater adhesives","volume":"404","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2020.101407","article-title":"Molecular determinants of protein-based coacervates","volume":"52","author":"Kapelner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50058","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c11744","article-title":"Antifouling Coatings from Glassy Polyelectrolyte Complex Films","volume":"15","author":"Akintola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8209","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-024-6844-6","article-title":"Bioinspired coacervate-based bioinks for construction of multiscale tissue engineering scaffolds","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"77","article-title":"Biomaterial surface modification for underwater adhesion","volume":"1","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.1039\/D6MA00159A","article-title":"Recent advances in membranized coacervates as functional compartments: Synthetic strategies and mechanisms for prototissues","volume":"7","author":"Lv","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SM01253D","article-title":"Coacervation for biomedical applications: Innovations involving nucleic acids","volume":"21","author":"Mirlohi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, L., Fang, X., and Wang, C. (2023). Peptide-based coacervates in therapeutic applications. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1100365"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-024-01358-1","article-title":"Coacervation in systems chemistry","volume":"7","author":"Leon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moulik, S.P., Rakshit, A.K., Pan, A., and Naskar, B. (2022). An Overview of Coacervates: The Special Disperse State of Amphiphilic and Polymeric Materials in Solution. Colloids Interfaces, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/colloids6030045"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33545-w","article-title":"Hydrogen-bonds mediate liquid-liquid phase separation of mussel derived adhesive peptides","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, J., Hou, Z., Li, J., Bi, Q., Huang, S., Peng, C., and Peng, F. (2025). Pharmacological effects and application prospects of mussel adhesive proteins. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1704475"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.126.237801","article-title":"Molecular Mass Dependence of Interfacial Tension in Complex Coacervation","volume":"126","author":"Audus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6327","DOI":"10.1039\/C8SM00686E","article-title":"Complex coacervation-based loading and tunable release of a cationic protein from monodisperse glycosaminoglycan microgels","volume":"14","author":"Schuurmans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domp\u00e9, M., Cedano-Serrano, F.J., Vandati, M., Hourdet, D., van der Gucht, J., Kamperman, M., and Kodger, T.E. (2020). Hybrid Complex Coacervate. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12020320"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808179","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201808179","article-title":"Thermoresponsive Complex Coacervate-Based Underwater Adhesive","volume":"31","author":"Heckert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2209975119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2209975119","article-title":"Driving force and pathway in polyelectrolyte complex coacervation","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15319","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b08649","article-title":"Role of Associative Charging in the Entropy-Energy Balance of Polyelectrolyte Complexes","volume":"140","author":"Rathee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.1c01301","article-title":"Role of Solvent Compatibility in the Phase Behavior of Binary Solutions of Weakly Associating Multivalent Polymers","volume":"23","author":"Michels","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17032","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c04154","article-title":"Long-Term Stabilization and Storage of Peptide-Based Coacervate through Tyrosine-Rich Sequences and Polyphenol Network","volume":"25","author":"Souri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2024.101827","article-title":"Recent advances in coacervation and underlying noncovalent molecular interaction mechanisms","volume":"153","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41864-9","article-title":"Intermolecular interactions underlie protein\/peptide phase separation irrespective of sequence and structure at crowded milieu","volume":"14","author":"Poudyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2023.05.009","article-title":"Peptide self-assembly through liquid-liquid phase separation","volume":"9","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6928","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.0c00797","article-title":"Analysis of Partitioning of Salt through Doping of Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervates","volume":"53","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2020.101416","article-title":"Coacervates as models of membraneless organelles","volume":"52","author":"Yewdall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137808","article-title":"Exploring the effects of excipients on complex coacervation","volume":"695","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2026.112825","article-title":"Leveraging pH-dependent coacervation process for preparing sustainable biomimetic colloidal suspensions","volume":"180","author":"Nia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-026-02011-9","article-title":"Origin of the ionic-strength dependent reentrant behavior in the liquid-liquid phase separation of uncharged intrinsically disordered proteins","volume":"9","author":"Mondal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Commun. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Jiang, Y., and Chen, Y. (2026). The regulatory principles, physiological functions, and phase transition of biomolecular condensates. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1759561"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4957","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.9b00036","article-title":"Charge-Density-Dominated Phase Behavior and Viscoelasticity of Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervates","volume":"52","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.2c00424","article-title":"Tuning Formation of Protein-DNA Coacervates by Sequence and Environment","volume":"126","author":"Lebold","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400572","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202400572","article-title":"Coacervates Composed of Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds\u2014Molecular Design, Stimuli Responsiveness, Confined Reaction","volume":"9","author":"Higashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.1c02115","article-title":"Closed-Loop Phase Behavior of Nonstoichiometric Coacervates in Coarse-Grained Simulations","volume":"55","author":"Bobbili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-68296-5","article-title":"Mixing protocols determine liquid-liquid phase separation dynamics in polyelectrolyte complex coacervation","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7495","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.9b01491","article-title":"Characterization of the Ultralow Interfacial Tension in Liquid-Liquid Phase Separated Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervates by the Deformed Drop Retraction Method","volume":"52","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5051","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b07787","article-title":"Bicontinuous Fluid Structure with Low Cohesive Energy: Molecular Basis for Exceptionally Low Interfacial Tension of Complex Coacervate Fluids","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acs Nano"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1039\/C7SM02041D","article-title":"Structure and rheology of polyelectrolyte complex coacervates","volume":"14","author":"Marciel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6766","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c01105","article-title":"Form Equals Function: Influence of Coacervate Architecture on Drug Delivery Applications","volume":"10","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acs Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.3c02352","article-title":"Effect of Polyelectrolyte Charge Density on the Linear Viscoelastic Behavior and Processing of Complex Coacervate Adhesives","volume":"57","author":"Pelras","year":"2024","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, B., Ban, E., and Kim, A. (2021). Gelatin-Alginate Coacervates Optimized by DOE to Improve Delivery of bFGF for Wound Healing. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122112"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112652","article-title":"pH-induced complex coacervation of fish gelatin and carboxylated chitosan: Phase behavior and structural properties","volume":"167","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201491","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202201491","article-title":"Efficient Wet Adhesion through Mussel-Inspired Proto-Coacervates","volume":"10","author":"Huynh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-021-00854-4","article-title":"Phase-separating peptides for direct cytosolic delivery and redox-activated release of macromolecular therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.1c01090","article-title":"Cationic Coacervates: Novel Phosphate Ionic Reservoir for the Mineralization of Calcium Phosphates","volume":"9","author":"Gruber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acs Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"62","article-title":"Complex coacervate-derived hydrogel with asymmetric and reversible wet bioadhesion for preventing UV light-induced morbidities","volume":"30","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122948","article-title":"Visible light-induced simultaneous bioactive amorphous calcium phosphate mineralization and in situ crosslinking of coacervate-based injectable underwater adhesive hydrogels for enhanced bone regeneration","volume":"315","author":"Yun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wet-adhesive and antibacterial PAH-TPP coacervates with self-mineralizing capability for cranial flap fixation","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.0c00479","article-title":"Coacervate-Based Underwater Adhesives in Physiological Conditions","volume":"2","author":"Vahdati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, S., Kim, B., Park, M., Ban, E., Lee, S.-H., and Kim, A. (2020). Improved Diabetic Wound Healing by EGF Encapsulation in Gelatin-Alginate Coacervates. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12040334"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Ban, E., Park, H., and Kim, A. (2022). Stability Enhancement of Freeze-Dried Gelatin\/Alginate Coacervates for bFGF Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122548"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kayitmazer, A.B., Comert, F., Winter, H.H., and Messersmith, P.B. (2022). Rheology and Gelation of Hyaluronic Acid\/Chitosan Coacervates. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12121817"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200416","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202200416","article-title":"Precisely Localized Bone Regeneration Mediated by Marine-Derived Microdroplets with Superior BMP-2 Binding Affinity","volume":"18","author":"Jeon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-024-01270-8","article-title":"Elastin-like polypeptide coacervates as reversibly triggerable compartments for synthetic cells","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45336","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c11314","article-title":"pH-Responsive Elastin-Like Polypeptide Designer Condensates","volume":"15","author":"Ganar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.03.032","article-title":"Self-assembled elastin-like polypeptide fusion protein coacervates as competitive inhibitors of advanced glycation end-products enhance diabetic wound healing","volume":"333","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125773","article-title":"Mechanically tunable, antibacterial and bioactive mussel adhesive protein\/hyaluronic acid coacervates as bioadhesives","volume":"247","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.10.041","article-title":"Promotion of osteoblast proliferation on complex coacervation-based hyaluronic acid\u2014Recombinant mussel adhesive protein coatings on titanium","volume":"31","author":"Hwang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6009","DOI":"10.1021\/cr1000578","article-title":"Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Polyoxometalate Compounds: From Structural Diversity to Applications","volume":"110","author":"Dolbecq","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4995","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b00273","article-title":"Coassembly of short peptide and polyoxometalate into complex coacervate adapted for pH and metal ion-triggered underwater adhesion","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13980","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b02988","article-title":"Spin-Coated Polyelectrolyte Coacervate Films","volume":"7","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6326","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SM00859A","article-title":"Wetting behavior of polyelectrolyte complex coacervates on solid surfaces","volume":"18","author":"Balzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5b00252","article-title":"Mussel Coating Protein-Derived Complex Coacervates Mitigate Frictional Surface Damage","volume":"1","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11996","DOI":"10.1021\/la702074j","article-title":"Stability and adsorption properties of electrostatic complexes: Design of hybrid nanostructures for coating applications","volume":"23","author":"Qi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.8b00047","article-title":"Hyaluronic Acid\/Chitosan Coacervate-Based Scaffolds","volume":"19","author":"Acar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"412","article-title":"Organic versus Hybrid Coacervate Complexes: Co-Assembly and Adsorption Properties","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Fresnais","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nsti Nanotech 2008, Technical Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2010.10.009","article-title":"Complex coacervates as a foundation for synthetic underwater adhesives","volume":"167","author":"Stewart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.09.007","article-title":"A mussel-derived one component adhesive coacervate","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.01.008","article-title":"Recent advances on in situ tissue adhesives","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fundam. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6764","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b01370","article-title":"Salt Triggers the Simple Coacervation of an Underwater Adhesive When Cations Meet Aromatic \u03c0 Electrons in Seawater","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acs Nano"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domp\u00e9, M., Cedano-Serrano, F.J., Vahdati, M., Sidoli, U., Heckert, O., Synytska, A., Hourdet, D., Creton, C., van der Gucht, J., and Kodger, T. (2020). Tuning the Interactions in Multiresponsive Complex Coacervate-Based Underwater Adhesives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201808179"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.4c01801","article-title":"Improving Complex Coacervate Tissue Adhesive Performance Using Bridging Polymer Chains","volume":"26","author":"Kwant","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrila, L.-M., Bucatariu, F., Mihai, M., and Teodosiu, C. (2021). Polyelectrolyte Multilayers: An Overview on Fabrication, Properties, and Biomedical and Environmental Applications. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14154152"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lengert, E.V., Koltsov, S.I., Li, J., Ermakov, A.V., Parakhonskiy, B.V., Skorb, E.V., and Skirtach, A.G. (2020). Nanoparticles in Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Films and Capsules-Key Enabling Components of Hybrid Coatings. Coatings, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10111131"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9408","DOI":"10.1039\/D3SC06549A","article-title":"Protein-based layer-by-layer films for biomedical applications","volume":"15","author":"Iqbal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5512","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.9b00703","article-title":"Recent developments in layer-by-layer technique for drug delivery applications","volume":"2","author":"Kurapati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c01253","article-title":"Layer-by-Layer Deposited Hybrid Polymer Coatings Based on Polysaccharides and Zwitterionic Silanes with Marine Antifouling Properties","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15874","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c02463","article-title":"Layer-by-Layer Nanoparticle Assembly for Biomedicine: Mechanisms, Technologies, and Advancement via Acoustofluidics","volume":"7","author":"Rowland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7623","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SM00765D","article-title":"Covalently crosslinked coacervates: Immobilization and stabilization of proteins with enhanced enzymatic activity","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4481","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.2c00590","article-title":"Polyelectrolyte Complex-Covalent Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203890","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202203890","article-title":"Coacervate-Derived Hydrogel with Effective Water Repulsion and Robust Underwater Bioadhesion Promotes Wound Healing","volume":"9","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19184-z","article-title":"Impact of wet-dry cycling on the phase behavior and compartmentalization properties of complex coacervates","volume":"11","author":"Fares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27447","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c00727","article-title":"Engineering the Coacervate Microdroplet Interface via Polyelectrolyte and Surfactant Complexation","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1021\/la504611x","article-title":"Ionically Cross-Linked Poly(allylamine) as a Stimulus-Responsive Underwater Adhesive: Ionic Strength and pH Effects","volume":"31","author":"Lawrence","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-023-01044-8","article-title":"Redox-responsive peptide-based complex coacervates as delivery vehicles with controlled release of proteinous drugs","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2023.101649","article-title":"Soft underwater adhesives based on weak molecular interactions","volume":"139","author":"Vahdati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901785","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201901785","article-title":"Underwater Adhesion of Multiresponsive Complex Coacervates","volume":"7","author":"Vahdati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207603","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202207603","article-title":"Biopolymeric Coatings for Local Release of Therapeutics from Biomedical Implants","volume":"10","author":"Talebian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3390\/bacteria3040031","article-title":"Polyelectrolytes and Polyelectrolyte Complexes as Future Antibacterial Agents","volume":"3","author":"Alsayyed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bacteria"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502577","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202502577","article-title":"In Situ Ultrafast Self-gelling Coacervate Powder with Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Robust Wet Adhesion Properties for Hemostasis and Wound Healing","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-026-02087-9","article-title":"Superspreading and ultra-infiltrative coacervate mediates strong underwater adhesion on hydrated and lipidic substrates","volume":"18","author":"Yi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500117","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202500117","article-title":"Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervate Adhesive for Wearable Medical Devices","volume":"46","author":"Montemayor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-021-01162-8","article-title":"Characterization of rheological properties of complex coacervates composed by whey protein isolate, chitosan and garlic essential oil","volume":"16","author":"Tavares","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.5c02702","article-title":"Unifying the Dynamics of Viscoelastic Liquids across the Complex Coacervation Phase Diagram: Time-Polyelectrolyte-Salt Superposition","volume":"59","author":"She","year":"2026","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CS00285E","article-title":"Catechol-functionalized hydrogels: Biomimetic design, adhesion mechanism, and biomedical applications","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10810","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.5c02575","article-title":"Aromatic Residues Drive Polyelectrolyte Coacervates into Hydrogels for Underwater and Underoil Adhesion","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18936","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.2c03908","article-title":"Polyelectrolyte Coacervate Coatings That Dramatically Improve Oxygen Barrier of Paper","volume":"61","author":"Iverson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaenm.5c00023","article-title":"Heat Shielding from Polyelectrolyte\/Clay Coacervate Thin Film","volume":"3","author":"Iverson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7633","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.1c01019","article-title":"Stimuli-Responsive Toughening of Hydrogels","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2024.109953","article-title":"Manufacturing nearly monodispersed complex coacervate microcapsules by membrane emulsification and spray drying","volume":"153","author":"Subillaga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coco.2026.102854","article-title":"Enhanced thermal stability, self-healing, and recyclability of polyurea composites enabled by mechanochemically modified UHMWPE fibers","volume":"65","author":"Yuan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Compos. Commun."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.177848","article-title":"Engineered CuAl-LDH\/black phosphorus nanohybrids for flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical reinforcement of polyurea","volume":"542","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12864","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c01015","article-title":"Engineered Hemostatic Biomaterials for Sealing Wounds","volume":"122","author":"Montazerian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-023-00397-4","article-title":"Progress of tissue adhesives based on proteins and synthetic polymers","volume":"27","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301939","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202301939","article-title":"Unraveling and Harnessing the Immune Response at the Cell-Biomaterial Interface for Tissue Engineering Purposes","volume":"13","author":"Damanik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kharbot, B., Askar, H., Gruber, D., and Paris, S. (2024). Biomimetic Remineralization of Artificial Caries Lesions with a Calcium Coacervate, Its Components and Self-Assembling Peptide P11-4 In Vitro. Bioengineering, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11050465"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-023-00133-6","article-title":"Fluid protein condensates for bio-inspired applications","volume":"2","author":"Harrington","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115732","article-title":"3D printable dynamic hydrogel via entangled biomolecular coacervate towards an ECM-like scaffold","volume":"265","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5394","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.3c00840","article-title":"Biomimetic Hemostatic Powder Derived from Coacervate-Immobilized Thermogelling Copolymers","volume":"24","author":"Sekhar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.4c01645","article-title":"Double-Network Hydrogel Based on Methacrylated Chitosan\/Hyaluronic Acid Coacervate for Enhanced Wet-Tissue Adhesion","volume":"26","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29833","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c10088","article-title":"Merging Natural Biopolymers with Supramolecular Chemistry: Emulating the Native Extracellular Matrix\u2019s Complexity","volume":"19","author":"Sousa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acs Nano"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2654929","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2026.2654929","article-title":"Topical delivery of Mir-497 using cationized gelatin\/sodium alginate coacervates for diabetic wound healing","volume":"33","author":"Ban","year":"2026","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"202400712","article-title":"Glucose Responsive Coacervate Protocells from Microfluidics for Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9180","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.5c01461","article-title":"Injectable and Wet-Adhesive Coacervate with Enhanced Photothermal Properties for Localized Tumor Treatment","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4116","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5c00880","article-title":"Design of a Thermoresponsive, Scalable, and Robust Recombinant Protein-Based Bioadhesive by Combining Elastin-like Polypeptide with Barnacle Cement Protein","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acs Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211340","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202211340","article-title":"Biomimetic Natural Biopolymer-Based Wet-Tissue Adhesive for Tough Adhesion, Seamless Sealed, Emergency\/Nonpressing Hemostasis, and Promoted Wound Healing","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111465","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202111465","article-title":"Tough Hydrogel Bioadhesives for Sutureless Wound Sealing, Hemostasis and Biointerfaces","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makhlouf, Z., Ali, A.A., and Al-Sayah, M.H. (2023). Liposomes-Based Drug Delivery Systems of Anti-Biofilm Agents to Combat Bacterial Biofilm Formation. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050875"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40653","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c07517","article-title":"Biodegradable Plant Oil-Based Bioadhesive with Ultrastrong Wet-Tissue Adhesion for Instant Sealing Hemostasis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-71235-z","article-title":"Hemostatic Tough Adhesives seal tissue and control hemorrhage","volume":"17","author":"Kent","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15854","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c04029","article-title":"A Metal-Phenolic Network-Coated Coacervate System Mediates Mitochondrial Modulation and Bone Homeostasis Restoration for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Therapy","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202304349","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202304349","article-title":"Engineering Wet-Resistant and Osteogenic Nanocomposite Adhesive to Control Bleeding and Infection after Median Sternotomy","volume":"13","author":"Shokri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2026.04.012","article-title":"Self-setting calcium polyphosphate coacervate composite for pulp capping treatment","volume":"216","author":"Ru","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503027","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202503027","article-title":"Biomimetic Coacervates Protocells for Dual Delivery Pathways and Apoptosis\/Pyroptosis Based Drug-Free Therapeutics","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-022-00282-6","article-title":"Coacervate-mediated novel pancreatic cancer drug Aleuria aurantia lectin delivery for augmented anticancer therapy","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.2c00696","article-title":"Membranized Coacervate Microdroplets: From Versatile Protocell Models to Cytomimetic Materials","volume":"56","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10094","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54463-z","article-title":"Phase-separating peptide coacervates with programmable material properties for universal intracellular delivery of macromolecules","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34951","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c00048","article-title":"Polyphosphate- and Antioxidant Peptide-Based Coacervate Delivers miRNA","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1140\/epje\/s10189-023-00339-x","article-title":"Preparation and stability of pegylated poly(S-alkyl-L-homocysteine) coacervate core micelles in aqueous media","volume":"46","author":"Benavides","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. E"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13642","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202513642","article-title":"Thermoresponsive Complex Coacervates as Advanced Carriers for Cell-Laden Liquid-Core Capsules for Biomedical Applications","volume":"22","author":"Monteiro","year":"2026","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2026.114858","article-title":"Hydrogel-immobilized coacervate droplets enable microenvironment-responsive sustained drug release to accelerate diabetic foot ulcers healing","volume":"394","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7162","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27463-6","article-title":"Nanoparticle-assembled bioadhesive coacervate coating with prolonged gastrointestinal retention for inflammatory bowel disease therapy","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124046","article-title":"Liposomal drug delivery strategies to eradicate bacterial biofilms: Challenges, recent advances, and future perspectives","volume":"655","author":"Panthi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.177","article-title":"Alginate-caseinate based pH-responsive nano-coacervates to combat resistant bacterial biofilms in oral cavity","volume":"156","author":"Niaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0030924","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00309-24","article-title":"E. coli cells advance into phase-separated (biofilm-simulating) extracellular polymeric substance containing DNA, HU, and lipopolysaccharide","volume":"206","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201106","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202201106","article-title":"Superhydrophobic Biological Fluid-Repellent Surfaces: Mechanisms and Applications","volume":"6","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4771","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TB02254A","article-title":"Keratinocytes biocompatibility, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of porous coacervate phosphate glass fibres and powders loaded with cerium and clove oil: A comparative study","volume":"14","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13330","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.2c02166","article-title":"Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Complexes As a Formulation Tool for Drug Delivery","volume":"38","author":"Gradzielski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"202202096","article-title":"Regulable Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Complex for Antibacterial Biomedical Catheter Coating via a Readily Scalable Route","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123798","article-title":"Peptide coacervate-Prussian blue hybrid supraparticle-tailored scaffolds for revitalizing diabetic heart valve regeneration via multiplex oxidative stress regulation","volume":"327","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29851-y","article-title":"Coacervation in polyzwitterion-polyelectrolyte systems and their potential applications for gastrointestinal drug delivery platforms","volume":"13","author":"Margossian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"100049","article-title":"Liquid-liquid phase separation: Fundamental physical principles, biological implications, and applications in supramolecular materials engineering","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Supramol. Mater."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e449","DOI":"10.1002\/agt2.449","article-title":"New insights into protein-polysaccharide complex coacervation: Dynamics, molecular parameters, and applications","volume":"5","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aggregate"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2174\/2405465803666180409130241","article-title":"Pharmaceutical and tissue engineering applications of polyelectrolyte complexes","volume":"3","author":"Raj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Smart Mater."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000149","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202000149","article-title":"Recent Advances in Complex Coacervation Design from Macromolecular Assemblies and Emerging Applications","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.08.068","article-title":"Ethanol-induced coacervation in aqueous gelatin solution for constructing nanospheres and networks: Morphology, dynamics and thermal sensitivity","volume":"582","author":"Pei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synbio.2026.02.013","article-title":"Advances in vehicles for in situ delivery: From classical vectors to biologically inspired structures","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Synth. Syst. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9736","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201703145","article-title":"Microfluidic Formation of Monodisperse Coacervate Organelles in Liposomes","volume":"56","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6214","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201601425","article-title":"Continuous Production of Discrete Plasmid DNA-Polycation Nanoparticles Using Flash Nanocomplexation","volume":"12","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9432194","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9432194","article-title":"Preparation and In Vivo Expression of CS-PEI\/pCGRP Complex for Promoting Fracture Healing","volume":"2019","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7189","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504822112","article-title":"The disordered P granule protein LAF-1 drives phase separation into droplets with tunable viscosity and dynamics","volume":"112","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11421","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000223117","article-title":"Identifying sequence perturbations to an intrinsically disordered protein that determine its phase-separation behavior","volume":"117","author":"Schuster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2021.100687","article-title":"Improving creep resistance while maintaining reversibility of covalent adaptive networks via constructing reversibly interlocked polymer networks","volume":"23","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122058","article-title":"Coacervates: Recent developments as nanostructure delivery platforms for therapeutic biomolecules","volume":"624","author":"Ban","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18108","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c23089","article-title":"Gel-to-Coacervate Transition in Peptide\/HA Complexes for MMP-9-Activated Penetration into Tumor Spheroids","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9868","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.2c01759","article-title":"Predicting Polyelectrolyte Coacervation from a Molecularly Informed Field-Theoretic Model","volume":"55","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"4255","article-title":"Biomaterials from the sea: Future building blocks for biomedical applications","volume":"6","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800068","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201800068","article-title":"Biomimetic Surface Engineering of Biomaterials by Using Recombinant Mussel Adhesive Proteins","volume":"5","author":"Jo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Wu, X., Quan, L., and Ao, Q. (2022). Characteristics of Marine Biomaterials and Their Applications in Biomedicine. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20060372"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S.M., Baek, M.J., and Jo, Y.K. (2026). Marine-inspired proteinaceous coacervates as an injectable extracellular matrix mimicry for enhanced stem cell delivery. Cell Biomater., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100423"},{"key":"ref_205","first-page":"96","article-title":"Mussel-inspired adhesive biomaterials for skin regeneration","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biosci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64617-2","article-title":"Automated navigation of condensate phase behavior with active machine learning","volume":"16","author":"Leurs","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13442","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SC03061C","article-title":"Unraveling mechanisms of protein encapsulation and release in coacervates via molecular dynamics and machine learning","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2026.103153","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-assisted design and optimization of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for smart drug delivery","volume":"38","author":"Yazdani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amoako, K., Mokhammad, A., Malik, A., Yesudasan, S., Wheba, A., Olagunju, O., Gu, S.X., Yarovinsky, T., Faustino, E.V.S., and Nguyen, J. (2025). Enhancing nucleic acid delivery by the integration of artificial intelligence into lipid nanoparticle formulation. Front. Med. Technol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2025.1591119"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parvin, N., Park, K., Jung, J.H., and Mandal, T.K. (2026). Smart Nano-Antibiotics: AI-Guided Stimuli-Responsive Nanoplatforms for Precision Antimicrobial Therapy. Antibiotics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15070638"},{"key":"ref_211","first-page":"101040","article-title":"Advancing sustainable plastics through supramolecular design","volume":"7","author":"Zou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"ref_212","first-page":"e01728","article-title":"State-of-the-art biodegradable polymers and bio-composites for phase change materials","volume":"46","author":"Bonillo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain. Mater. Technol."}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/11\/9\/647\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:15:08Z","timestamp":1789100108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/11\/9\/647"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":212,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics11090647"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics11090647","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-7673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}}}