{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:08:07Z","timestamp":1789189687640,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian ministry of health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cleft palate is a congenital anomaly that causes functional and esthetic challenges, and the hard palate is essential for feeding, speech, and separation of the oral and nasal cavities. Yet, current reconstructive techniques do not restore its bony component. Building on previous in vitro work showing that decellularized palatal mucoperiosteum, microperforated with Quantum Molecular Resonance (QMR\u00ae) technology and recellularized with mesenchymal stem cells, preserves the collagen microenvironment, supports engraftment, and shows osteoinductive potential, this study evaluated the early feasibility and regenerative potential of bioengineered mucoperiosteal scaffolds (BEMS) in Landrace pigs model. Bone marrow was collected from recipient pigs to isolate pBM-MSCs. Donor palatal mucoperiosteum was decellularized, microperforated, and recellularized with these cells to generate BEMS. After surgical creation of a cleft palate, four pigs received BEMS, and two controls underwent standard palatoplasty. At one month, scaffold-treated animals showed early mucosal and osseous regeneration, including neo-epithelium, connective tissue, and new bone formation, without clinical or routine histological signs of acute rejection. SPARC (Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) expression supported osteogenic activity. Regenerated palates were stable and fracture-resistant, whereas controls showed incomplete repair and fractures. These findings suggest that BEMS may address limitations of conventional palatal reconstruction and support further investigation for human palatal bone regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11090652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:38:39Z","timestamp":1789040319000},"page":"652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Full-Thickness Regeneration of the Hard Palate Using Bioengineered Mucoperiosteal Scaffolds in a Porcine Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3856-5010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ida","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Emiliana","family":"Caristo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Ricerche Sperimentali, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Ribaldone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone Faustino Maria","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Spuntarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Chiara","family":"Contini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Digestive Endoscopy and Surgery, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Dall\u2019Oglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Digestive Endoscopy and Surgery, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4774-3042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Tomao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric OncoHematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6673-2664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Algeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric OncoHematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8492-5948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Tedesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telea Biotech and Telea Electronic Engineering, 36066 Sandrigo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianantonio","family":"Pozzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telea Biotech and Telea Electronic Engineering, 36066 Sandrigo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5898-9518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"De Stefanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratories, Histology Core Facility, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonello","family":"Cardoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Pathology, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Lupoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Ricerche Sperimentali, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5646-3980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Codazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5567-7375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Zama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Raponi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management and Diagnostic Innovations & Clinical Pathways Research Area, Medical Directorate, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.09.009","article-title":"Distinguishing syndromic and nonsyndromic cleft palate through analysis of protein-altering de novo variants in 818 trios","volume":"112","author":"Robinson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000005933","article-title":"Simultaneous Correction of Complex Secondary Deformities of Cleft Lip Using Autogenous Costal Cartilage Combined With Rib Grafts","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-024-10676-9","article-title":"Stem Cell-Based Regenerative Approaches for the Treatment of Cleft Lip and Palate: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"20","author":"Sharif","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2009.03.040","article-title":"Secondary repair of alveolar clefts using human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"108","author":"Behnia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edgar, L., McNamara, K., Wong, T., Tamburrini, R., Katari, R., and Orlando, G. (2016). Heterogeneity of Scaffold Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9050332"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, F., Wang, J., Ding, L., Hu, Y., Li, W., Yuan, Z., Guo, Q., Zhu, C., Yu, L., and Wang, H. (2020). Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: Achievements, Future, and Sustainability in Asia. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00083"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100734","article-title":"Biomaterials derived from hard palate mucosa for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine","volume":"22","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, W., Ren, J., Yao, X., Wang, S., Li, W., Zheng, L., Hong, X., and Zhao, S. (2025). Biomaterials strategy for promoting palatal wound healing. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1646629"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14570","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93951-w","article-title":"Engineered mucoperiosteal scaffold for cleft palate regeneration towards the non-immunogenic transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Rizzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756284820923220","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284820923220","article-title":"Successful muscle regeneration by a homologous microperforated scaffold seeded with autologous mesenchymal stromal cells in a porcine esophageal substitution model","volume":"13","author":"Marzaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marzaro, M., Pozzato, G., Tedesco, S., Algeri, M., Pozzato, A., Tomao, L., Montano, I., Torroni, F., Balassone, V., and Contini, A.C.I. (2022). Decellularized esophageal tubular scaffold microperforated by quantum molecular resonance technology and seeded with mesenchymal stromal cells for tissue engineering esophageal regeneration. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.912617"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(80)80296-X","article-title":"Gastrostomy without laparotomy: A percutaneous endoscopic technique","volume":"15","author":"Gauderer","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"205","article-title":"On the formation of a movable soft palate in congenital clefts of the hard and soft palate","volume":"2","year":"1861","journal-title":"Arch. Klin. Chir."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4019","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000004019","article-title":"Cleft Palate Repair: A History of Techniques and Variations","volume":"10","author":"Naidu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.57197","article-title":"Cleft palate repair and variations","volume":"42","author":"Agrawal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"ZD22","article-title":"Membrane Assisted Palatal Fistula Closure in a Cleft Palate Patient: A Novel Technique","volume":"10","author":"Reddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2016.09.019","article-title":"Cleft relapse and oronasal fistula after Furlow palatoplasty in infants with cleft palate: Incidence and risk factors","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2014.09.021","article-title":"Important points for primary cleft palate repair for speech derived from speech outcome after three different types of palatoplasty","volume":"78","author":"Funayama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000000819","article-title":"Fistula in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients\u2014A Systematic Scoping Review","volume":"78","author":"Salimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2015.07.035","article-title":"Incidence of velopharyngeal insufficiency and oronasal fistulae after cleft palate repair: A retrospective study of children referred to Isfahan Cleft Care Team between 2005 and 2009","volume":"79","author":"Hosseinabad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1597\/14-127","article-title":"The Rate of Oronasal Fistula Following Primary Cleft Palate Surgery: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"52","author":"Bykowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665619858871","article-title":"Closer to the Truth on National Fistula Prevalence After Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate Repair? The Cleft Care UK Study","volume":"57","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2014.59","article-title":"The impact of cleft lip and palate repair on maxillofacial growth","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000004300","article-title":"Alternatives to Autologous Bone Graft in Alveolar Cleft Reconstruction: The State of Alveolar Tissue Engineering","volume":"29","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002778","article-title":"Alveolar Bone Grafting and Cleft Lip and Palate: A Review","volume":"138","author":"Weissler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e616","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000011100","article-title":"Comparing the Quality of Life and Patient Satisfaction After Unilateral Alveolar Cleft Repair With 2 Different Materials-An Innovative Questionnaire Study","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04646","article-title":"Evaluation of density, volume, height and rate of bone resorption of substitutes of autologous bone grafts for the repair of alveolar clefts in humans: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Osorio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u00e9zulier, D., Chaigneau, L., Jeanne, S., and Lebullenger, R. (2021). The Challenge of 3D Bioprinting of Composite Natural Polymers PLA\/Bioglass: Trends and Benefits in Cleft Palate Surgery. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111553"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.07.040","article-title":"Synthetic and Bone tissue engineering graft substitutes: What is the future?","volume":"52","author":"Valtanen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"22808000241289208","article-title":"Physicochemical and biocompatibility characterisation of a 3D lyophilised platelet-rich fibrin scaffold for cleft lip and palate repair","volume":"22","author":"Ngah","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.06.020","article-title":"Decellularized extracellular matrix-decorated 3D nanofiber scaffolds enhance cellular responses and tissue regeneration","volume":"184","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Del-Campo, M., Rosales-Iba\u00f1ez, R., and Rojo, L. (2019). Biomaterials for Cleft Lip and Palate Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092176"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c00747","article-title":"Decellularized Placental Sponge Seeded with Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Deep Skin Wound Healing in the Animal Model","volume":"7","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"117","article-title":"Periosteal graft in the repair of complete primary cleft palate","volume":"22","author":"Stricker","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann. Chir. Plast."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656221132043","article-title":"25-year Follow-up of Primary Tibial Periosteal Graft for Hard Palate Repair in Cleft Lip and Palate: Outcomes, Concerns and Controversies","volume":"61","author":"Rizzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2024.118542","article-title":"Progress of structural scaffold biomaterials for bone tissue defect repair: A cutting-edge review","volume":"349\u2013350","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35619","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate composites with bioactive glass as second phase: State of the art and current applications","volume":"104","author":"Bellucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119555","article-title":"Hierarchical micro\/nanofibrous membranes of sustained releasing VEGF for periosteal regeneration","volume":"227","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.11.016","article-title":"Periosteum tissue engineering in an orthotopic in vivo platform","volume":"121","author":"Baldwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8509","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15058509","article-title":"Lyophilized platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) promotes craniofacial bone regeneration through Runx2","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114549","article-title":"Scaffolding fundamentals and recent advances in sustainable scaffolding techniques for cultured meat development","volume":"189","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2003.06.017","article-title":"Decellularization protocols of porcine heart valves differ importantly in efficiency of cell removal and susceptibility of the matrix to recellularization with human vascular cells","volume":"127","author":"Rieder","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelrazik, H., Giordano, E., Barbanti Brodano, G., Griffoni, C., De Falco, E., and Pelagalli, A. (2019). Substantial Overview on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Biological and Physical Properties as an Opportunity in Translational Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215386"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2014.0155","article-title":"Inhibition of B-cell proliferation and antibody production by mesenchymal stromal cells is mediated by T cells","volume":"24","author":"Rosado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77416","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12678","article-title":"Resistance to neoplastic transformation of ex-vivo expanded human mesenchymal stromal cells after exposure to supramaximal physical and chemical stress","volume":"7","author":"Conforti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13158","article-title":"Second-line treatment for acute graft-versus-host disease with mesenchymal stromal cells: A decision model","volume":"101","author":"Thielen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2017.0305","article-title":"Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products: A Guide for Bone Marrow-derived MSC Application in Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering","volume":"24","author":"Confalonieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800434RR","article-title":"Synthetic cementum protein 1-derived peptide regulates mineralization in vitro and promotes bone regeneration in vivo","volume":"33","author":"Correa","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leone, L., Podda, M.V., and Grassi, C. (2015). Impact of electromagnetic fields on stem cells: Common mechanisms at the crossroad between adult neurogenesis and osteogenesis. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00228"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2016.02.001","article-title":"SPARC\/osteonectin in mineralized tissue","volume":"52\u201354","author":"Rosset","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattioli Belmonte, M., Montemurro, F., Licini, C., Iezzi, I., Dicarlo, M., Cerqueni, G., Coro, F., and Vozzi, G. (2019). Cell-Free Demineralized Bone Matrix for Mesenchymal Stem Cells Survival and Colonization. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12091360"}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/11\/9\/652\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:28:22Z","timestamp":1789187302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/11\/9\/652"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics11090652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics11090652","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-7673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]}}}