{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:02:29Z","timestamp":1789448549270,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Droplet-based electricity generators (DEGs) are usually characterised under dry conditions, although retained water can alter their electrical boundary. We compared blank, bottom-wetted, top-wetted, wetted-and-dried, and partially immersed states using 40 mm \u00d7 40 mm FEP\/ITO devices. Four separately assembled devices per condition were tested on a separate apparatus, with 100 droplet events per device. The device averages were analysed by Welch\u2019s ANOVA and Holm-adjusted contrasts. Bottom wetting changed the average peak voltage by \u22120.30% relative to the blank (adjusted p = 0.960), whereas top wetting reduced it by 56.21% (adjusted p = 2.62 \u00d7 10\u22129). The dried-state average was within 0.38% of the blank (adjusted p = 0.960), indicating electrical recovery under the stated protocol without establishing equivalence or complete drying. Immersing 10%, 30%, and 50% of the device length reduced the average by 19.31%, 34.59%, and 47.73%, respectively. The common-state averages agreed within 1.49% with an earlier apparatus series. A process-matched MWCNT:FEP surface reached an apparent contact angle of 151\u00b0 and a 6\u00b0 sliding angle while retaining 87.3% of the FEP-only average. These results identify the exposed top surface, rather than the bottom-interface water, as the principal wetting-state sensitivity under the tested conditions and support a lotus-inspired low-adhesion design target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics11090655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:19:41Z","timestamp":1789381181000},"page":"655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lotus Leaf-Inspired Low-Adhesion Surface for a Droplet-Based Electricity Generator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Huachen","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8603-4372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuying","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1985-6","article-title":"A droplet-based electricity generator with high instantaneous power density","volume":"578","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201369","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202201369","article-title":"Droplet-based electricity generator toward practicality: Configuration, optimization, and hybrid integration","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. 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