{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T01:30:39Z","timestamp":1773451839236,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]],"date-time":"2020-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Massie Chair Project at Universidad del Turabo"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Massie Chair Project at Universidad del Turabo"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-14-1-0046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-14-1-0046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ENE2014-57977-C2-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENE2014-57977-C2-1-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For some decades, the scientific community has been looking for alternatives to the use of fossil fuels that allow for the planet\u2019s sustainable and environmentally-friendly development. To do this, attempts have been made to mimic some processes that occur in nature, among which the photosystem-II stands out, which allows water splitting operating with different steps to generate oxygen and hydrogen. This research presents promising results using synthetic catalysts, which try to simulate some natural processes, and which are based on Au@ZnO\u2013graphene compounds. These catalysts were prepared by incorporating different amounts of gold nanoparticles (1 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%) and graphene (1 wt.%) on the surface of synthesized zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs), and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), along with a commercial form (commercial ZnO) for comparison purposes. The highest amount of hydrogen (1127 \u03bcmol\/hg) was reported by ZnO NWs with a gold and graphene loadings of 10 wt.% and 1 wt.%, respectively, under irradiation at 400 nm. Quantities of 759 \u03bcmol\/hg and 709 \u03bcmol\/hg were obtained with catalysts based on ZnO NPs and commercial ZnO, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of all composites increased with respect to the bare semiconductors, being 2.5 times higher in ZnO NWs, 8.8 times higher for ZnO NPs, and 7.5 times higher for commercial ZnO. The high photocatalytic activity of the catalysts is attributed, mainly, to the synergism between the different amount of gold and graphene incorporated, and the surface area of the composites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics5030039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]],"date-time":"2020-08-23T21:28:06Z","timestamp":1598218086000},"page":"39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Biomimetic Catalysts Based on Au@ZnO\u2013Graphene Composites for the Generation of Hydrogen by Water Splitting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4134-3344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abniel","family":"Mach\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arecibo Observatory, Universidad Ana G. M\u00e9ndez-Cupey Campus, San Juan, PR 00926, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2239-6977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan C.","family":"Arango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomaterials Research Group, School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad Ana G. M\u00e9ndez-Gurabo Campus, Gurabo, PR 00778, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Font\u00e1nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomaterials Research Group, School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad Ana G. M\u00e9ndez-Gurabo Campus, Gurabo, PR 00778, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Cotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomaterials Research Group, School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad Ana G. M\u00e9ndez-Gurabo Campus, Gurabo, PR 00778, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Duconge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomaterials Research Group, School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad Ana G. M\u00e9ndez-Gurabo Campus, Gurabo, PR 00778, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loraine","family":"Soto-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Characterization Center Inc., Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Resto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Characterization Center Inc., Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1627-5159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian Ion Tiberiu","family":"Petrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFToMM-ARoTMM, Bucharest Polytechnic University, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Morant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3520-9181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomaterials Research Group, School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad Ana G. 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