{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:44:05Z","timestamp":1790023445215,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]],"date-time":"2022-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AR072500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AR072500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AR063717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AR063717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AR073145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AR073145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of metallic and polymeric materials for implants has been increasing over the past decade. This trend can be attributed to a variety of factors including a significant increase in basic science research focused on implant material characteristics and how various surface modifications may stimulate osseointegration and, ultimately, fusion. There are many interbody fusion devices and dental implants commercially available; however, detailed information about their surface properties, and the effects that various materials and surface modifications may have on osteogenesis, is lacking in the literature. While the concept of bone-implant osseointegration is a relatively recent addition to the spine fusion literature, there is a comparatively large body of literature related to dental implants. The purpose of this article is to summarize the science of surface modified bone-facing implants, focusing on biomimetic material chemistry and topography of titanium implants, to promote a better understanding of how these characteristics may impact bone formation and osseointegration. This manuscript has the following aspects: highlights the role of titanium and its alloys as potent osteoconductive bioactive materials; explores the importance of biomimetic surface topography at the macro-, micro- and nano-scale; summarizes how material surface design can influence osteogenesis and immune responses in vitro; focuses on the kinds of surface modifications that play a role in the process. Biomimetic surface modifications can be varied across many clinically available biomaterials, and the literature supports the hypothesis that those biomaterial surfaces that exhibit physical properties of bone resorption pits, such as roughness and complex hierarchical structures at the submicron and nanoscale, are more effective in supporting osteoblast differentiation in vitro and osteogenesis in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics7020046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T04:21:28Z","timestamp":1650255688000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["A Review of Biomimetic Topographies and Their Role in Promoting Bone Formation and Osseointegration: Implications for Clinical Use"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Berger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Slosar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SpineCare Medical Group, San Francisco, CA 94109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1612-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zvi","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"},{"name":"Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart B.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94063, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara D.","family":"Boyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"},{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2011.02327.x","article-title":"Osseointegration\u2014Communication of cells","volume":"23","author":"Terheyden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.04.002","article-title":"Demineralized bone matrix as a vehicle for delivering endogenous and exogenous therapeutics in bone repair","volume":"64","author":"Holt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2015.01.004","article-title":"Current Concepts for the Biological Basis of Dental Implants: Foreign Body Equilibrium and Osseointegration Dynamics","volume":"27","author":"Trindade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. N. Am"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.03.037","article-title":"Implant osseointegration and the role of microroughness and nanostructures: Lessons for spine implants","volume":"10","author":"Gittens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000869","article-title":"What is the Best Material for an Interbody Cage?","volume":"33","author":"Makanji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000076841.93570.78","article-title":"Interbody Cage Devices","volume":"28","author":"Zdeblick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1108-3","article-title":"Osteoblast lineage cells can discriminate microscale topographic features on titanium-aluminum-vanadium surfaces","volume":"42","author":"Hyzy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.21608\/esj.2020.49913.1155","article-title":"Cervical Intervertebral Cages: Past, Present, Innovations, and Future Trends with Review of the Literature","volume":"35","author":"Elkazaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trindade, R., Albrektsson, T., Galli, S., Prgomet, Z., Tengvall, P., and Wennerberg, A. (2018). Bone Immune Response to Materials, Part I: Titanium, PEEK and Copper in Comparison to Sham at 10 Days in Rabbit Tibia. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7120526"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.01.056","article-title":"Safety of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion using titanium-coated polyetheretherketone stand-alone cages: Multicenter prospective study of incidence of cage subsidence","volume":"74","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2019.07.004","article-title":"Comparison in the same intervertebral space between titanium-coated and uncoated PEEK cages in lumbar interbody fusion surgery","volume":"25","author":"Kashii","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-16-00390","article-title":"The Effect of Cervical Interbody Cage Morphology, Material Composition, and Substrate Density on Cage Subsidence","volume":"25","author":"Suh","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAAOS\u2014J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"E10","article-title":"PEEK versus titanium cages in lateral lumbar interbody fusion: A comparative analysis of subsidence","volume":"49","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.2040058.029","article-title":"Polyetheretherketone Versus Titanium Cages for Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature","volume":"17","author":"Massaad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E483","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000001201","article-title":"PEEK Versus Titanium Static Interbody Cages: A Comparison of 1-Year Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes for 1-Level TLIFs","volume":"34","author":"Canseco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"5","article-title":"Harmful interactions of non-essential heavy metals with cells of the innate immune system","volume":"s3","author":"Theron","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00235-5","article-title":"Hypersensitivity to metallic biomaterials: A review of leukocyte migration inhibition assays","volume":"21","author":"Hallab","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2011.3.1.16","article-title":"Subsidence and Nonunion after Anterior Cervical Interbody Fusion Using a Stand-Alone Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Cage","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1568-6","article-title":"Posterior lumbar interbody fusion using non resorbable poly-ether-ether-ketone versus resorbable poly-L-lactide-co-D, L-lactide fusion devices. Clinical outcome at a minimum of 2-year follow-up","volume":"20","author":"Jiya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000778","article-title":"Implant materials generate different peri-implant inflammatory factors: Poly-ether-ether-ketone promotes fibrosis and microtextured titanium promotes osteogenic factors","volume":"40","author":"Hyzy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Evers, M. (2022, March 08). Spine Market: Data & Infographics\u2014Orthoworld. Available online: https:\/\/www.orthoworld.com\/reports-downloads\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsp.2013.08.001","article-title":"Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion rates in patients using a novel titanium implant and demineralized cancellous allograft bone sponge","volume":"7","author":"Girasole","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(83)80101-2","article-title":"Osseointegration and its experimental background","volume":"50","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(83)90065-0","article-title":"Osseointegrated titanium fixtures in the treatment of edentulousness","volume":"4","author":"Branemark","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12054","article-title":"Temporal sequence of hard and soft tissue healing around titanium dental implants","volume":"68","author":"Salvi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.01.050","article-title":"Osteoinductive hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants","volume":"33","author":"Ripamonti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2006.06.025","article-title":"Surface treatments of titanium dental implants for rapid osseointegration","volume":"23","author":"Soueidan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2011.03.002","article-title":"Ion implantation of titanium based biomaterials","volume":"56","author":"Rautray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Mater Sci"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820290314","article-title":"Effect of titanium surface roughness on proliferation, differentiation, and protein synthesis of human osteoblast-like cells (MG63)","volume":"29","author":"Martin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2005.01195.x","article-title":"Osteoblast-like cells are sensitive to submicron-scale surface structure","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.06.035","article-title":"Differential regulation of osteoblasts by substrate microstructural features","volume":"26","author":"Zinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-004-0172-3","article-title":"Osteoblast-like cells complete osteoclastic bone resorption and form new mineralized bone matrix in vitro","volume":"75","author":"Mulari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.06.009","article-title":"A comparison of osteoclast resorption pits on bone with titanium and zirconia surfaces","volume":"31","author":"Hefti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(02)00261-9","article-title":"Pretreatment of bone with osteoclasts affects phenotypic expression of osteoblast-like cells","volume":"21","author":"Boyan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180300008","article-title":"Structure and function of RGD peptides involved in bone biology","volume":"60","author":"Schaffner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109965","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, in vitro biocompatibility and antibacterial properties study of nanocomposite materials based on hydroxyapatite-biphasic ZnO micro- and nanoparticles embedded in Alginate matrix","volume":"104","author":"Turlybekuly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1021\/nl072572o","article-title":"Enhanced cellular mobility guided by TiO2 nanotube surfaces","volume":"8","author":"Brammer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025008","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/aa5d74","article-title":"Multiscale porous titanium surfaces via a two-step etching process for improved mechanical and biological performance","volume":"12","author":"Jang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791725","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/791725","article-title":"Surface modifications and their effects on titanium dental implants","volume":"2015","author":"Jemat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.01.029","article-title":"The effects of combined micron-\/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale features on cell proliferation and differentiation","volume":"32","author":"Gittens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36280","article-title":"Surface modification of bulk titanium substrates for biomedical applications via low-temperature microwave hydrothermal oxidation","volume":"106","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12855","article-title":"Comparable responses of osteoblast lineage cells to microstructured hydrophilic titanium\u2013zirconium and microstructured hydrophilic titanium","volume":"28","author":"Lotz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ab9078","article-title":"Functionalization of 3D-printed titanium alloy orthopedic implants: A literature review","volume":"15","author":"Jing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-001-1114-y","article-title":"Osteoblast-mediated mineral deposition in culture is dependent on surface microtopography","volume":"71","author":"Boyan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374990130011301","article-title":"Implant surface characteristics modulate differentiation behavior of cells in the osteoblastic lineage","volume":"13","author":"Schwartz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-002-1057-y","article-title":"Von Kossa Staining Alone Is Not Sufficient to Confirm that Mineralization In Vitro Represents Bone Formation","volume":"72","author":"Bonewald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35852","article-title":"Osteogenic response of human MSCs and osteoblasts to hydrophilic and hydrophobic nanostructured titanium implant surfaces","volume":"104","author":"Lotz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res.\u2014Part A"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1121","article-title":"10-Year survival and success rates of 511 titanium implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface: A retrospective study in 303 partially edentulous patients","volume":"26","author":"Buser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.13575","article-title":"Titanium implant surface properties enhance osseointegration in ovariectomy induced osteoporotic rats without pharmacologic intervention","volume":"31","author":"Lotz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35739","article-title":"Novel hydrophilic nanostructured microtexture on direct metal laser sintered Ti\u20136Al\u20134V surfaces enhances osteoblast response in vitro and osseointegration in a rabbit model","volume":"104","author":"Hyzy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res.\u2014Part A"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2011.02172.x","article-title":"Early osseointegration to hydrophilic and hydrophobic implant surfaces in humans","volume":"22","author":"Lang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.10.020","article-title":"Dendritic cell responses to surface properties of clinical titanium surfaces","volume":"7","author":"Kou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120715","article-title":"Substrate stiffness induces neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation through focal adhesion kinase activation","volume":"271","author":"Abaricia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.04.021","article-title":"Control of innate immune response by biomaterial surface topography, energy, and stiffness","volume":"133","author":"Abaricia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.12.003","article-title":"Titanium surface characteristics, including topography and wettability, alter macrophage activation","volume":"31","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.08.029","article-title":"Macrophage response to hydrophilic biomaterials regulates MSC recruitment and T-helper cell populations","volume":"182","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.119920","article-title":"Wnt signaling modulates macrophage polarization and is regulated by biomaterial surface properties","volume":"243","author":"Abaricia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30075","article-title":"Effect of titanium surface topography on macrophage activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines","volume":"70","author":"Refai","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2017.0003","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein 2 alters osteogenesis and anti-inflammatory profiles of mesenchymal stem cells induced by microtextured titanium in vitro","volume":"23","author":"Hyzy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"246","article-title":"A histomorphometric study on treated and untreated ceramic filled PEEK implants versus titanium implants: Preclinical in vivo study","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381759","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/381759","article-title":"Nanomodified Peek Dental Implants: Bioactive Composites and Surface Modification\u2014A Review","volume":"2015","author":"Najeeb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s12541-015-0134-x","article-title":"A review on 3D printed bioimplants","volume":"16","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf."}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/7\/2\/46\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:55:30Z","timestamp":1760136930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/7\/2\/46"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics7020046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics7020046","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-7673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]}}}