{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:44:56Z","timestamp":1791337496269,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Secretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT)"},{"name":"Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biological substrates catalyze the nucleation and growth of sparingly soluble salts however, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. In the present study, the growth of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), on Acutodesmus obliquus (AO) microalgae was investigated. The test microalgae favored the growth of CaCO3 from solutions supersaturated with respect to calcite (7.94 &lt; SRcalcite &lt; 104.71). The precipitation of calcite on AO was not preceded by measurable induction times, and the rates of calcite crystal growth were higher for higher microalgae cell concentrations. The presence of the microalgae cultivation medium and illumination of the supersaturated solutions accelerated the precipitation of CaCO3, increasing the rate by 75% in comparison with the respective value in its absence. AO cultures, air dried at 25 \u00b0C yielded higher precipitation rates, in comparison with the respective rates in the presence of active AO cultures. At 70 \u00b0C, nucleation and growth were suppressed, due to the destruction of the molecular structure of the microalgae. The CaCO3 precipitation rates on calcite precipitated on air-dried AO culture, were doubled in comparison with the respective rates obtained with the respective quantities of each component of the composite substrate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics7040140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T21:14:28Z","timestamp":1664140468000},"page":"140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Calcium Carbonate Mineralization of Microalgae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Panagiota D.","family":"Natsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH\/ICE-HT, 26500 Patras, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9898-5914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petros G.","family":"Koutsoukos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH\/ICE-HT, 26500 Patras, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Walker, J., Surman, S., and Jass, J. (2000). Industrial Biofouling Detection, Prevention and Control, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Enfield, N.H. (1999). Recent Advances in Marine Biotechnology, Science Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.020063","article-title":"Biofilms: Microbial Life on Surfaces","volume":"8","author":"Donlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2011.0502","article-title":"Biofouling: Lessons from nature","volume":"370","author":"Bixler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2007.11.037","article-title":"Fundamental understanding of organic matter fouling of membranes","volume":"231","author":"Amy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-9164(88)85047-1","article-title":"Biofouling on membranes\u2014A microbiological approach","volume":"70","author":"Flemming","year":"1988","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.11.3973-3977.1993","article-title":"Physicochemical cell surface and adhesive properties of coryneform bacteria related to the presence and chain length of mycolic acids","volume":"59","author":"Bendinger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00399-9","article-title":"Extracellular polymeric substances responsible for bacterial adhesion onto solid surface","volume":"223","author":"Tsuneda","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2010.08.001","article-title":"Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of microbial aggregates in biological wastewater treatment systems: A review","volume":"28","author":"Sheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2016.00004","article-title":"Carbonate Precipitation through Microbial Activities in Natural Environment, and Their Potential in Biotechnology: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2019.00126","article-title":"Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) and Its Potential in Bioconcrete: Microbiological and Molecular Concepts","volume":"6","author":"Narayanasamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, W.E.G. (2011). Molecular Basis of Bacterial Calcium Carbonate Precipitation. Molecular Biomineralization: Aquatic Organisms Forming Extraordinary Materials, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21230-7"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2015.04.003","article-title":"In vitro synthesis of amorphous Mg-, Ca-, Sr- and Ba-carbonates: What do we learn about intracellular calcification by cyanobacteria?","volume":"161","author":"Cam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2000.tb00739.x","article-title":"Uncultured giant sulfur bacteria of the genus Achromatium","volume":"33","author":"Head","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-16-949-2019","article-title":"Precipitation of calcium carbonate mineral induced by viral lysis of cyanobacteria: Evidence from laboratory experiments","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.127.3.1502-1518.1976","article-title":"Uptake and retention of metals by cell walls of Bacillus subtilis","volume":"127","author":"Beveridge","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2008.10.005","article-title":"Processes of carbonate precipitation in modern microbial mats","volume":"96","author":"Dupraz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/17597269.2016.1221301","article-title":"Optimization and mass culture of Acutodesmus obliquus RDS01 under open phototrophic pond cultivation for enhancing biodiesel production","volume":"8","author":"Silambarasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3126\/ijasbt.v5i4.18083","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Green Microalgae, Scenedesmus sp. MCC26 and Acutodesmus obliquus MCC33 Isolated from Industrial Polluted Site Using Morphological and Molecular Markers","volume":"5","author":"Sarwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Andersen, R.A. (2005). Algal Culturing Techniques, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Growth response and chlorophyll content of Scenedesmus obliquus cultivated in different artificial media","volume":"1","author":"Rinanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"36","article-title":"Image Processing with ImageJ","volume":"11","author":"Abramoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biophotonics Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37921","DOI":"10.4236\/aim.2013.36A001","article-title":"Classification of Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms by Fourier-Transform Infrared Technology (FTIR)","volume":"3","author":"Kenne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2008.02.043","article-title":"Effect of algal extracellular polymer substances on UF membrane fouling","volume":"250","author":"Chiou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38035","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38035","article-title":"The complex nature of calcium cation interactions with phospholipid bilayers","volume":"6","author":"Pokorna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Parkhurst, D.L. (1995). User\u2019s Guide to PHREEQC: A Computer Program for Speciation, Reaction-Path, Advective-Transport, and Inverse Geochemical Calculations, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [Distributor]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345790580042802","article-title":"The Growth of Hydroxyapatite from Solution A New Constant Composition Method","volume":"58","author":"Amjad","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(84)90189-1","article-title":"Electrolyte crystal growth mechanisms","volume":"67","author":"Nielsen","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1021\/j100390a020","article-title":"Crystal growth of calcium carbonate. A controlled composition kinetic study","volume":"86","author":"Kazmierczak","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2014.01.010","article-title":"Photosynthesis: Response to high temperature stress","volume":"137","author":"Mathur","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.59.5.795","article-title":"Acclimation of Photosynthetic and Respiratory Carbon Dioxide Exchange to Growth Temperature in Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) Wats","volume":"59","author":"Pearcy","year":"1977","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7707","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16047707","article-title":"Combined Enzymatic and Mechanical Cell Disruption and Lipid Extraction of Green Alga Neochloris oleoabundans","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sedgeo.2012.05.019","article-title":"Amorphous calcium carbonate associated with biofilms in hot spring deposits","volume":"269\u2013270","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sediment. Geol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"195","article-title":"A scanning electron microscope study of the structure and organization of the calcium carbonate deposits of algae","volume":"13","author":"Borowitzka","year":"1974","journal-title":"Physiologia"}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/7\/4\/140\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:38:07Z","timestamp":1760143087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/7\/4\/140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics7040140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics7040140","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-7673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]}}}