{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:45:26Z","timestamp":1788828326633,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81771041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81771041"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021TQ0206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021TQ0206"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021M690105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M690105"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["81771041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81771041"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2021TQ0206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021TQ0206"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2021M690105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M690105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the increase in population aging, the tendency of osteochondral injury will be accelerated, and repairing materials are increasingly needed for the optimization of the regenerative processes in bone and cartilage recovery. The local environment of the injury sites and the deficiency of Mg2+ retards the repairing period via inhibiting the progenitor osteogenesis and chondrogenesis cells\u2019 recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation, which results in the sluggish progress in the osteochondral repairing materials design. In this article, we elucidate the Mg2+-concentration specified effect on the cell proliferation, osteochondral gene expression, and differentiation of modeling chondrocytes (extracted from New Zealand white rabbit) and osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1). The concentration of Mg2+ in the culture medium affects the proliferation, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis: (i) Appropriate concentrations of Mg2+ promote the proliferation of chondrocytes (1.25\u201310.0 mM) and MC3T3-E1 cells (2.5\u201330.0 mM); (ii) the optimal concentration of Mg2+ that promotes the gene expression of noncalcified cartilage is 15 mM, calcified cartilage 10 mM, and subchondral bone 5 mM, respectively; (iii) overdosed Mg2+ leads to the inhibition of cell activity for either chondrocytes (&gt;20 mM) or osteoblasts (&gt;30 mM). The biomimetic elucidation for orchestrating the allocation of gradient concentration of Mg2+ in accordance of the physiological condition is crucial for designing the accurate microenvironment in osteochondral injury defects for optimization of bone and cartilage repairing materials in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics7040227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T08:10:57Z","timestamp":1670227857000},"page":"227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Biomimetics of Mg2+-Concentration-Resolved Microenvironment for Bone and Cartilage Repairing Materials Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Zhengqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9598-3331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zilin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Maxillofacial\u2014Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3047-0295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2018180044","article-title":"Osteochondral lesions of the knee: Differentiating the most common entities at MRI","volume":"38","author":"Gorbachova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tateiwa, D., Yoshikawa, H., and Kaito, T. 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