{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:49:32Z","timestamp":1790682572327,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University project","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Titanium is the main component of dental implants. It is also routinely used as a framework material for implant-supported full-arch prostheses due to its low density, biocompatibility, and other mechanical properties. Remarkable mechanical properties such as lesser mass density and higher young\u2019s modulus of graphene have gained popularity among scientists, improving the properties of biomedical implants. Thus, our study aimed to compare the outcome through the von Mises stresses generated on All-on-6 and All-on-3 implant models, as well as on the framework, and evaluate the effect of stress patterns on the crestal bone around implants in the mandible. FEA (Finite Element Analysis) study was carried out using edentulous mandible models. Four 3D FEA models with 3 and 6 implants were used (Model 1: Titanium bar-supported 6 straight implants; Model 2: Graphene bar-supported 6 straight implants; Model 3: Titanium bar-supported 3 implants with 30 degrees-tilted; Model 4: Graphene bar-supported 3 implants with 30 degrees-tilted) in order to simulate endosseous implant designs. The implant measuring 4.2 mm in diameter and 11.5 mm in length were used. The most distal implants in the 3-implant models were placed with angulation of 30 degrees; in 6 implants, they were vertically placed. All the models were analyzed for vertical and oblique axis with a single force magnitude of 100 N. In all four implant models and under loading conditions, the peak stress points were always on the neck of the most distal implant. von Mises stresses were within the normal stress range. In a conventional six-straight implant model supported by a titanium framework, the cortical stress in the region of implants was 25.27 MPa, whereas, in the graphene framework, it was 12.18 MPa. Under vertical load, there was a significant difference in the cortical stress around the tilted implants (30 degrees) in the 3-implant system of titanium and graphene frameworks, respectively, 70.31 MPa and 21.27 MPa. The graphene framework demonstrated better results than the titanium framework for the conventional six-implant system under vertical load, achieving stress of 30.09 MPa and 76.60 MPa, respectively. In the case of the 3-implant system, a significant difference in the bar stress was observed between graphene and titanium, respectively, 256.32 MPa and 180.1 MPa of bar stress. Within the limitation of this study, the peri-implant stresses were decreased using graphene framework models. Hence, it was possible to conclude that the best load-bearing capacity results were found in the graphene framework group compared to the titanium framework for All-on-6 and All-on-3 implant models, even though both materials are reliable options used as framework materials in implant-supported full-arch prostheses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T02:23:06Z","timestamp":1672626186000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Three-Dimensional FEA Analysis of the Stress Distribution on Titanium and Graphene Frameworks Supported by 3 or 6-Implant Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Shrikar R.","family":"Desai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Implantology, HKE\u2019S S. Nijalingappa Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kalaburagi 585105, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran Deepak","family":"Koulgikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Implantology, HKE\u2019S S. Nijalingappa Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kalaburagi 585105, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0877-6340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasser Raqe","family":"Alqhtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Robaian","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0474-7067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah Saad","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Alenazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8329-3205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artak","family":"Heboyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Str. Koryun 2, Yerevan 0025, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3022-4390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo V. O.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontics and Oral Medicine Department, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7957-3463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"347","article-title":"Long-term follow-up study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of totally edentulous jaws","volume":"5","author":"Adell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. 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Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15093248"}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/8\/1\/15\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:55:19Z","timestamp":1760118919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/8\/1\/15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics8010015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics8010015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-7673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]}}}