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However, restricted by the layer-by-layer extrusion process, much of the resulting works are simplified abstractions of the pinecone scale\u2019s bilayer structure. This paper presents a new method of 4D-printing by rotating the printed axis of the bilayers, which enables the design and fabrication of self-shaping monomaterial systems in cross sections. This research introduces a computational workflow for programming, simulating, and 4D-printing differentiated cross sections with multilayered mechanical properties. Taking inspiration from the large-flowered butterwort (Pinguicula grandiflora), which shows the formation of depressions on its trap leaves upon contact with prey, we investigate the depression formation of bioinspired 4D-printed test structures by varying each depth layer. Cross-sectional 4D-printing expands the design space of bioinspired bilayer mechanisms beyond the XY plane, allows more control in tuning their self-shaping properties, and paves the way toward large-scale 4D-printed structures with high-resolution programmability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8020233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T02:18:29Z","timestamp":1685931509000},"page":"233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cross-Sectional 4D-Printing: Upscaling Self-Shaping Structures with Differentiated Material Properties Inspired by the Large-Flowered Butterwort (Pinguicula grandiflora)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ekin Sila","family":"Sahin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0596-5587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0922-5399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dylan","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasaman","family":"Tahouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5341-9188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Poppinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botanical Garden, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Thielen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2245-2636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Speck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence <i>liv<\/i>MatS @ FIT\u2014Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9055-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achim","family":"Menges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence IntCDC, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tibbits, S. 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