{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T17:09:58Z","timestamp":1789837798249,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2023R 384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R 384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) affects a large proportion of elderly people. Symptoms include tremors, slow movement, rigid muscles, and trouble speaking. With the aging of the developed world\u2019s population, this number is expected to rise. The early detection of PD and avoiding its severe consequences require a precise and efficient system. Our goal is to create an accurate AI model that can identify PD using human voices. We developed a transformer-based method for detecting PD by retrieving dysphonia measures from a subject\u2019s voice recording. It is uncommon to use a neural network (NN)-based solution for tabular vocal characteristics, but it has several advantages over a tree-based approach, including compatibility with continuous learning and the network\u2019s potential to be linked with an image\/voice encoder for a more accurate multi modal solution, shifting SOTA approach from tree-based to a neural network (NN) is crucial for advancing research in multimodal solutions. Our method outperforms the state of the art (SOTA), namely Gradient-Boosted Decision Trees (GBDTs), by at least 1% AUC, and the precision and recall scores are also improved. We additionally offered an XgBoost-based feature-selection method and a fully connected NN layer technique for including continuous dysphonia measures, in addition to the solution network. We also discussed numerous important discoveries relating to our suggested solution and deep learning (DL) and its application to dysphonia measures, such as how a transformer-based network is more resilient to increased depth compared to a simple MLP network. The performance of the proposed approach and conventional machine learning techniques such as MLP, SVM, and Random Forest (RF) have also been compared. A detailed performance comparison matrix has been added to this article, along with the proposed solution\u2019s space and time complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8040351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T12:38:59Z","timestamp":1691498339000},"page":"351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Novel Artificial-Intelligence-Based Approach for Classification of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Complex and Large Vocal Features"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Rahul","family":"Nijhawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0676-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mukul","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blackstraw Technologies Pvt Ltd., Chennai 160015, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahitya","family":"Arya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graphic Era University, Dehradun 248002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Mendirtta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering, Chandigarh University, Ajitgarh 140413, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9957-5661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, SR University, Warangal 506371, India"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. K.","family":"Towfek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Intelligent Systems Research Center, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA"},{"name":"Department of Communications and Electronics, Delta Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, Mansoura 35111, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9843-6392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doaa Sami","family":"Khafaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7507-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hend K.","family":"Alkahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7080-1979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelaziz A.","family":"Abdelhamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and Information Technology, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/nj7526-299a","article-title":"Neurodegenerative disease: Brain windfall","volume":"515","author":"Gammon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelhamid, A.A., El-Kenawy, E.S.M., Khodadadi, N., Mirjalili, S., Khafaga, D.S., Alharbi, A.H., Ibrahim, A., Eid, M.M., and Saber, M. 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