{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:29:58Z","timestamp":1791923398211,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this research article, we uphold the principles of the No Free Lunch theorem and employ it as a driving force to introduce an innovative game-based metaheuristic technique named Golf Optimization Algorithm (GOA). The GOA is meticulously structured with two distinctive phases, namely, exploration and exploitation, drawing inspiration from the strategic dynamics and player conduct observed in the sport of golf. Through comprehensive assessments encompassing fifty-two objective functions and four real-world engineering applications, the efficacy of the GOA is rigorously examined. The results of the optimization process reveal GOA\u2019s exceptional proficiency in both exploration and exploitation strategies, effectively striking a harmonious equilibrium between the two. Comparative analyses against ten competing algorithms demonstrate a clear and statistically significant superiority of the GOA across a spectrum of performance metrics. Furthermore, the successful application of the GOA to the intricate energy commitment problem, considering network resilience, underscores its prowess in addressing complex engineering challenges. For the convenience of the research community, we provide the MATLAB implementation codes for the proposed GOA methodology, ensuring accessibility and facilitating further exploration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8050386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T10:23:40Z","timestamp":1692872620000},"page":"386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Golf Optimization Algorithm: A New Game-Based Metaheuristic Algorithm and Its Application to Energy Commitment Problem Considering Resilience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Montazeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 7155713876, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taher","family":"Niknam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 7155713876, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamshid","family":"Aghaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering & Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton 4701, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-1276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Om Parkash","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Dehghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 7155713876, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6343-5197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaurav","family":"Dhiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos 13-5053, Lebanon"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun 248002, India"},{"name":"Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"Metaheuristic vs. deterministic global optimization algorithms: The univariate case","volume":"318","author":"Kvasov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. 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