{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T13:31:24Z","timestamp":1768829484361,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GO 995\/38-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GO 995\/38-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The stability of the body during locomotion is a fundamental requirement for walking animals. The mechanisms that coordinate leg movement patterns are even more complex at water\u2013air interfaces. Water striders are agile creatures on the water surface, but they can be vulnerable to leg damage, which can impair their movement. One can assume the presence of certain compensatory biomechanical factors that are involved in the maintenance of postural balance lost after an amputation. Here, we studied changes in load distribution among the legs and assessed the effects of amputation on the locomotory behavior and postural defects that may increase the risk of locomotion failure. Apparently, amputees recover a stable posture by applying leg position modifications (e.g., widening the stance) and by load redistribution to the remaining legs. Water striders showed steering failure after amputation in all cases. Amputations affected locomotion by (1) altering motion features (e.g., shorter swing duration of midlegs), (2) functional constraints on legs, (3) shorter travelled distances, and (4) stronger deviations in the locomotion path. The legs functionally interact with each other, and removal of one leg has detrimental effects on the others. This research may assist the bioinspired design of aquatic robots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8070524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T14:51:01Z","timestamp":1699109461000},"page":"524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Locomotory Behavior of Water Striders with Amputated Legs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Javad","family":"Meshkani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1792-3325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamed","family":"Rajabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mechanical Engineering and Design, School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9441-5316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Kovalev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9712-7953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav N.","family":"Gorb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.29.2.267","article-title":"The Co-Ordination of Insect Movements: I The Walking Movements of Insects","volume":"29","author":"Hughes","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. 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