{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T02:07:07Z","timestamp":1780452427918,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Propolis, a naturally sticky substance used by bees to secure their hives and protect the colony from pathogens, presents a fascinating challenge. Despite its adhesive nature, honeybees adeptly handle propolis with their mandibles. Previous research has shown a combination of an anti-adhesive fluid layer and scale-like microstructures on the inner surface of bee mandibles. Our aim was to deepen our understanding of how surface energy and microstructure influence the reduction in adhesion for challenging substances like propolis. To achieve this, we devised surfaces inspired by the intricate microstructure of bee mandibles, employing diverse techniques including roughening steel surfaces, creating lacquer structures using B\u00e9nard cells, and moulding resin surfaces with hexagonal patterns. These approaches generated patterns that mimicked the bee mandible structure to varying degrees. Subsequently, we assessed the adhesion of propolis on these bioinspired structured substrates. Our findings revealed that on rough steel and resin surfaces structured with hexagonal dimples, propolis adhesion was significantly reduced by over 40% compared to unstructured control surfaces. However, in the case of the lacquer surface patterned with B\u00e9nard cells, we did not observe a significant reduction in adhesion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8080579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T04:12:56Z","timestamp":1701403976000},"page":"579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Anti-Adhesive Surfaces Inspired by Bee Mandible Surfaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0485-2716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonie","family":"Saccardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biomechatronic Systems, FraunhoferInstitute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5276-004X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Schiebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechatronic Systems, FraunhoferInstitute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Balluff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Coating Technology, Fraunhofer-Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation (IPA), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Christ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Coating Technology, Fraunhofer-Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation (IPA), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9712-7953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav N.","family":"Gorb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kovalev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechatronic Systems, FraunhoferInstitute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Speck, T. 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