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Here, we demonstrate that lamellar septum-like carbonate apatite scaffolds have the potential to overcome these challenges. They were fabricated by exploiting the cellular structure of the cuttlebone, removing the organic components from the cuttlebone, and performing hydrothermal treatment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the scaffolds had a cellular structure with walls between lamellar septa. The interwall and interseptal sizes were 80\u2013180 and 300\u2013500 \u03bcm, respectively. The size of the region enclosed by the walls and septa coincided with the macropore size detected by mercury intrusion porosimetry. Although the scaffold porosity was extremely high (93.2%), the scaffold could be handled without disintegration. The compressive stress\u2013strain curve demonstrated that the scaffolds showed layer-by-layer fracture behavior, which seemed beneficial for avoiding catastrophic failure under impact. When the scaffolds were implanted into rabbit femurs, new bone and blood vessels formed within the scaffold cells at 4 weeks. At 12 weeks, the scaffolds were almost entirely replaced with new bone. Thus, the lamellar septum-like cellular-structured carbonate apatite is a promising scaffold for achieving early bone regeneration and compression resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9020112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T06:59:26Z","timestamp":1707893966000},"page":"112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Lamellar Septa-like Structured Carbonate Apatite Scaffolds with Layer-by-Layer Fracture Behavior for Bone Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ahmad Nazir","family":"Taleb Alashkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3147-5784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichiro","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunio","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2021.01.043","article-title":"Autologous bone graft: Is it still the gold standard?","volume":"52","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112466","article-title":"FDA-approved bone grafts and bone graft substitute devices in bone regeneration","volume":"130","author":"Gillman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. 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