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algorithm has received increased attention in the field of evolutionary computation. While BSO has been applied in numerous industrial scenarios due to its effectiveness and accessibility, there are few theoretical analysis results about its running time. Running-time analysis can be conducted through the estimation of the upper bounds of the expected first hitting time to evaluate the efficiency of BSO. This study estimates the upper bounds of the expected first hitting time on six single individual BSO variants (BSOs with one individual) based on the average gain model. The theoretical analysis indicates the following results. (1) The time complexity of the six BSO variants is O(n) in equal coefficient linear functions regardless of the presence or absence of the disrupting operator, where n is the number of the dimensions. Moreover, the coefficient of the upper bounds on the expected first hitting time shows that the single individual BSOs with the disrupting operator require fewer iterations to obtain the target solution than the single individual BSOs without the disrupting operator. (2) The upper bounds on the expected first hitting time of single individual BSOs with the standard normally distributed mutation operator are lower than those of BSOs with the uniformly distributed mutation operator. (3) The upper bounds on the expected first hitting time of single individual BSOs with the U\u221212,12 mutation operator are approximately twice those of BSOs with the U(\u22121,1) mutation operator. The corresponding numerical results are also consistent with the theoretical analysis results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9020117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T05:55:59Z","timestamp":1707976559000},"page":"117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Running-Time Analysis of Brain Storm Optimization Based on Average Gain Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Guizhen","family":"Mai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6830-6733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghan","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingrong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junpeng","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michaloglou, A., and Tsitsas, N.L. 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